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Questions and Answers
The British occupation of ______ ended Ndebele powers over the Shona, whom they always raided for cattle and women.
The British occupation of ______ ended Ndebele powers over the Shona, whom they always raided for cattle and women.
Matabeleland
The Ndebele were against ______ labour in mines, European homes, and farms, contributing to the tensions with the British.
The Ndebele were against ______ labour in mines, European homes, and farms, contributing to the tensions with the British.
forced
British incitement of the Shona to raid the Ndebele for cattle was a tactic meant to provoke the Ndebele to ______ the Shona.
British incitement of the Shona to raid the Ndebele for cattle was a tactic meant to provoke the Ndebele to ______ the Shona.
attack
The immediate cause of the war was the killing of European ______ by the Ndebele after they raided white farms to recover their stolen cattle.
The immediate cause of the war was the killing of European ______ by the Ndebele after they raided white farms to recover their stolen cattle.
In October 1893, the war broke out when the Ndebele killed the Shona servants belonging to ______.
In October 1893, the war broke out when the Ndebele killed the Shona servants belonging to ______.
After realizing defeat was imminent, ______ evacuated from his capital, Bulawayo, and fled northward with his people.
After realizing defeat was imminent, ______ evacuated from his capital, Bulawayo, and fled northward with his people.
The widespread starvation among the Ndebele following the war was due to their ______ being taken away.
The widespread starvation among the Ndebele following the war was due to their ______ being taken away.
The war led to increased hostility between the Europeans and Africans, which later led to ______ war.
The war led to increased hostility between the Europeans and Africans, which later led to ______ war.
The construction of the ______ was partly motivated by the desire to shorten the route to India.
The construction of the ______ was partly motivated by the desire to shorten the route to India.
The British feared that if a rival power gained control of Egypt, their ships could be ______ from passing through the Suez Canal.
The British feared that if a rival power gained control of Egypt, their ships could be ______ from passing through the Suez Canal.
Desire to control the source of the River ______ led the British to occupy Uganda.
Desire to control the source of the River ______ led the British to occupy Uganda.
The scramble for and partition of the Congo basin was partly caused by clashes among the Belgians, French, and Portuguese over control of the ______ River.
The scramble for and partition of the Congo basin was partly caused by clashes among the Belgians, French, and Portuguese over control of the ______ River.
After losing Egypt to the British, the ______ turned their attention to West Africa, establishing a protectorate over Porto-Novo.
After losing Egypt to the British, the ______ turned their attention to West Africa, establishing a protectorate over Porto-Novo.
French activities in West Africa worried the British and the Germans, who then joined the race for ______.
French activities in West Africa worried the British and the Germans, who then joined the race for ______.
Otto von Bismarck convened the Berlin Conference in 1884 in an attempt to prevent a major ______ in Europe.
Otto von Bismarck convened the Berlin Conference in 1884 in an attempt to prevent a major ______ in Europe.
According to the terms of the Berlin Conference, any European power claiming a region in Africa had to inform other interested European ______.
According to the terms of the Berlin Conference, any European power claiming a region in Africa had to inform other interested European ______.
The Chimurenga was partially defeated because the Shona and Ndebele lacked ______, making it easier for the British to deal with them separately.
The Chimurenga was partially defeated because the Shona and Ndebele lacked ______, making it easier for the British to deal with them separately.
The British South Africa Company's ______ treatment of the local population was a factor that significantly demoralized the Chimurenga fighters.
The British South Africa Company's ______ treatment of the local population was a factor that significantly demoralized the Chimurenga fighters.
The failure of ______ protection, promoted by cult leaders, to materialize led to disillusionment and heavy casualties among African fighters.
The failure of ______ protection, promoted by cult leaders, to materialize led to disillusionment and heavy casualties among African fighters.
The colonial office in ______ blamed the BSACO for poor administration, leading to uprisings.
The colonial office in ______ blamed the BSACO for poor administration, leading to uprisings.
By 1850, ______ was the most powerful centralised state in East Africa.
By 1850, ______ was the most powerful centralised state in East Africa.
The Baganda collaborated with Europeans primarily to safeguard their positions against internal power struggles and for ______ from stronger neighboring societies.
The Baganda collaborated with Europeans primarily to safeguard their positions against internal power struggles and for ______ from stronger neighboring societies.
Henry Morton Stanley, a reporter from the New York Herald, played a crucial role in convincing Kabaka Mutesa I to accept ______ missionaries into his kingdom.
Henry Morton Stanley, a reporter from the New York Herald, played a crucial role in convincing Kabaka Mutesa I to accept ______ missionaries into his kingdom.
During the Chimurenga, the arrest and execution of key leaders like Nehanda and Kaguvi by the British significantly ______ the African fighters.
During the Chimurenga, the arrest and execution of key leaders like Nehanda and Kaguvi by the British significantly ______ the African fighters.
The principle that any European power claiming a part of the African coast also claimed the land in the interior next to the coast was a key aspect of the ______ for Africa.
The principle that any European power claiming a part of the African coast also claimed the land in the interior next to the coast was a key aspect of the ______ for Africa.
The Berlin Conference is significant because it laid the foundation for the partition of Africa by ending the disorganized ______ for territories.
The Berlin Conference is significant because it laid the foundation for the partition of Africa by ending the disorganized ______ for territories.
Under British rule in East Africa, ______ and Uganda were among the key territories colonized.
Under British rule in East Africa, ______ and Uganda were among the key territories colonized.
Within West Africa, France's colonial possessions included Senegal, Ivory Coast, and ______.
Within West Africa, France's colonial possessions included Senegal, Ivory Coast, and ______.
The Agiryama people engaged in crucial trade activities, interacting with both the East African Coast and the ______ communities.
The Agiryama people engaged in crucial trade activities, interacting with both the East African Coast and the ______ communities.
Germany's colonial holdings in Africa included Tanganyika, Rwanda and ______, primarily located in East and Central Africa.
Germany's colonial holdings in Africa included Tanganyika, Rwanda and ______, primarily located in East and Central Africa.
The Agiryama's resistance was partly fueled by the loss of their productive lands, which were appropriated for cotton and ______ plantations.
The Agiryama's resistance was partly fueled by the loss of their productive lands, which were appropriated for cotton and ______ plantations.
The Agiryama were against being forced to work, also known as ______, on British plantation farms.
The Agiryama were against being forced to work, also known as ______, on British plantation farms.
Belgium's main African colony was the ______ Congo, known for its extensive natural resources and brutal exploitation.
Belgium's main African colony was the ______ Congo, known for its extensive natural resources and brutal exploitation.
The partition of Africa led to the introduction of new systems of administration. e.g. direct rule, indirect rule and ______
The partition of Africa led to the introduction of new systems of administration. e.g. direct rule, indirect rule and ______
Disrespect towards Agiryama culture, such as the destruction of religious ______ by the British, further incited resistance.
Disrespect towards Agiryama culture, such as the destruction of religious ______ by the British, further incited resistance.
In response to British impositions, the Agiryama resisted by selling their produce to raise tax money instead of presenting themselves for work on white ______.
In response to British impositions, the Agiryama resisted by selling their produce to raise tax money instead of presenting themselves for work on white ______.
The creation of boundaries during the partition of Africa often split apart many African communities. For example, the Somali are found both in Kenya and in Somalia, the Maasai in Kenya and Tanzania and the ______ in Ghana and Togo.
The creation of boundaries during the partition of Africa often split apart many African communities. For example, the Somali are found both in Kenya and in Somalia, the Maasai in Kenya and Tanzania and the ______ in Ghana and Togo.
The visit by provincial commissioner Hobley, who dismissed the Agiryama's grievances, occurred after some migrated to the ______ desert.
The visit by provincial commissioner Hobley, who dismissed the Agiryama's grievances, occurred after some migrated to the ______ desert.
Mekatilili Wa Menza, along with Wanje wa Madorika, convened a meeting at Kaya ______ where Agiryama people realized they had the same grievances .
Mekatilili Wa Menza, along with Wanje wa Madorika, convened a meeting at Kaya ______ where Agiryama people realized they had the same grievances .
The British employed a scorched-______ policy, setting Agiryama homes on fire, to suppress the resistance and collect imposed fines.
The British employed a scorched-______ policy, setting Agiryama homes on fire, to suppress the resistance and collect imposed fines.
The Shona-Ndebele war, also known as the ______ war, took place from 1896 to 1898.
The Shona-Ndebele war, also known as the ______ war, took place from 1896 to 1898.
One cause of the Shona-Ndebele war was the loss of ______ by the Ndebele people after the 1893 war.
One cause of the Shona-Ndebele war was the loss of ______ by the Ndebele people after the 1893 war.
The Ndebele were forced to kill their animals due to an outbreak of ______ in 1895, exacerbating their grievances.
The Ndebele were forced to kill their animals due to an outbreak of ______ in 1895, exacerbating their grievances.
The Shona and Ndebele people were subjected to heavy ______ by the British, which was collected with force and brutality.
The Shona and Ndebele people were subjected to heavy ______ by the British, which was collected with force and brutality.
The Shona were forced to provide ______ in settler plantations, European mines, and homes, leading to resistance.
The Shona were forced to provide ______ in settler plantations, European mines, and homes, leading to resistance.
The Ndebele began their resistance in part due to the mistreatment they faced at the hands of ______ police employed by the British.
The Ndebele began their resistance in part due to the mistreatment they faced at the hands of ______ police employed by the British.
Natural calamities such as drought, famine, and locust invasions were interpreted by the Shona as a sign that their god ______ was displeased.
Natural calamities such as drought, famine, and locust invasions were interpreted by the Shona as a sign that their god ______ was displeased.
Religious leaders like Mkwati, Kakubi, and ______ inspired people to rebel against the British South African Company.
Religious leaders like Mkwati, Kakubi, and ______ inspired people to rebel against the British South African Company.
Flashcards
Suez Canal Importance
Suez Canal Importance
An artificial waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. It was crucial for trade routes to the Far East, especially India.
British Fears in Egypt
British Fears in Egypt
Britain feared that rival powers controlling Egypt could block their ships from using the Suez Canal, impacting trade and access to India.
Nile River Source
Nile River Source
Control of the Nile River's source was strategically important, leading to British occupation of Uganda to secure access.
Congo River Importance
Congo River Importance
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North African Coast
North African Coast
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French Focus on West Africa
French Focus on West Africa
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Berlin Conference Purpose
Berlin Conference Purpose
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Berlin Conference Terms
Berlin Conference Terms
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Ndebele-British War
Ndebele-British War
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End of Ndebele Power
End of Ndebele Power
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Forced Labor
Forced Labor
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Loss of Land
Loss of Land
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British Incitement
British Incitement
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Killing of Servants
Killing of Servants
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Results of the War
Results of the War
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British Advantages
British Advantages
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Berlin Conference
Berlin Conference
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Coastal Claim Doctrine
Coastal Claim Doctrine
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British East Africa
British East Africa
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Loss of African Independence
Loss of African Independence
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Drawing of Present-Day Boundaries
Drawing of Present-Day Boundaries
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African Resistance
African Resistance
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Involvement in International Politics
Involvement in International Politics
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Rise of African Nationalism
Rise of African Nationalism
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Chimurenga War
Chimurenga War
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Loss of Independence (Ndebele)
Loss of Independence (Ndebele)
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Loss of Cattle
Loss of Cattle
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Hut Tax
Hut Tax
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Disrespect of Traditional Religion
Disrespect of Traditional Religion
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Role of Religious Leaders
Role of Religious Leaders
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Shona-Ndebele Unity
Shona-Ndebele Unity
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BSACO's Fault
BSACO's Fault
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Lack of Coordination
Lack of Coordination
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Superior Weapons
Superior Weapons
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Company's Determination
Company's Determination
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Collaboration Definition
Collaboration Definition
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Buganda
Buganda
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Mutesa's Collaboration Reason
Mutesa's Collaboration Reason
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Agiryama People
Agiryama People
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Agiryama Grievance: Land
Agiryama Grievance: Land
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Agiryama Grievance: Forced Labor
Agiryama Grievance: Forced Labor
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Agiryama Grievance: Taxation
Agiryama Grievance: Taxation
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Agiryama Grievance: Conscription
Agiryama Grievance: Conscription
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Agiryama Grievance: Ivory Trade
Agiryama Grievance: Ivory Trade
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Agiryama Grievance: Culture
Agiryama Grievance: Culture
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Mekatilili Wa Menza
Mekatilili Wa Menza
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Study Notes
- Form 3 History and Government KCSE Notes
European Invasion and the Process of Colonization of Africa
- The scramble and partition refers to the period when European countries sought to acquire and colonize African territories.
- European countries involved in the scramble and partition:
- Britain
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Belgium
- Portugal
- By 1914, almost all African territories were occupied by European countries, except for Liberia and Ethiopia.
- Scramble refers to the hurried and competitive struggle by European powers to acquire parts of Africa in the 19th century
- Partition references the dividing up of regions in Africa among European powers.
- During the 19th century, European powers divided African among themselves following the Berlin conference of November 1884 to February 1885.
Methods Used By Europeans to Acquire Colonies
- Treaty signing: Treaties were signed between Africans and Europeans, and between European powers themselves
- Treachery: Deceiving African chiefs with gifts like cloths, beads, tools, weapons, and intoxicating drinks.
- Divide and rule: Instigating conflicts between different African societies to weaken them for easy occupation.
- Military conquest: Using war against societies that resisted their invasion.
- Company rule: The British and Germans companies acquired and ruled their colonies.
Signing of Treaties
- Treaties signed after 1885 were protectorate treaties between African rulers and representatives of European government and private organization.
- Examples include:
- Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda signing a treaty with representatives of Imperial British East African Company
- King Lobengula of Matebeland with British South African Company
- Treaties signed amongst European powers were known as partition agreements.
- For example:
- Anglo-Germany Agreements of 1886
- Heligoland of 1890 between the British and the Germans over the sharing of East Africa.
- The Anglo Italian treaty signed in 1891 between the Italians and the British over possession of Eritrea and the Somali coast.
- Treaty between Britain, Portugal, and France in 1890, sharing Madagascar (France), Mozambique, and Angola (Portugal).
Military Conquest/Use of Force - Examples
- The French war against the Mandinka of Samori Toure (1870-1899).
- The British used military in the Nandi resistance from 1895-1905.
- The Chimurenga wars involving the Shona/Ndebele against the British, which forced acquisition of Egypt and Sudan.
- The Germans fought the Maji Maji wars from 1905-1907.
- The Italians were defeated during their Ethiopian campaign by Menelik II in the battle of Adowa in 1896.
- The Portuguese forcefully established their rule over Angola, Guinea Bissau, and Mozambique.
Treachery - Examples
- Some Europeans occupied parts of Africa by giving African chiefs presents like cloths, beads, tools, and intoxicating drinks
- The King of Buganda and Lozi were cheated through gifts and lost their independence.
Divide and Rule
- Europeans instigated war between different societies by playing one off another.
- After the communities fought had been weakened, the Europeans stepped in and occupied their land.
Use of Company Rule - Examples
- British South African Company of Cecil Rhodes
- Imperial British East African Company of Sir William Mackinnon
- The German East Africa Company of Carl Peters.
- Royal Niger Company of George Goldie operating in West Africa.
Factors That Led To The Scramble For Colonies in Africa
- Political factors
- Economic factors
- Social factors
- Strategic reasons
Political Reasons
Unification of Germany
- By 1870, Britain and France had the most powerful nations in Europe
- After Franco-Prussia war of 1870-1871, Germany became the most powerful country
- France lost two colonies and sought colonies in Africa to compensate
Nationalism
- In the late 19th-century spirit of national pride emerged among European nations
- It was prestigious for a country to acquire colonies
- Citizens encouraged their governments to acquired colonies in Africa for national pride
- French assembly ratified de-brazza treaty with chief makoko due to pressure from the public
Militarism
- By the end of the 19th century, there were few was in Europe to frustrate military officers
- Military officers favored colonial wars, so provided opportunities for promotion
Economic Reasons
Trade
- European traders in Africa asked for protection from their mother countries wherever faced the African merchants
- The desire to control led to scramble and partition of Africa
Mineral Wealth
- There was speculation that Africa had huge valuable minerals like gold and diamonds
- Speculation fuelled the scramble for colonies in Africa
Investment of Surplus Capital
- The Industrial revolution in Europe created wealthy merchants with surplus capital
- They can make more profits in Africa due to less competition
Search for Raw Materials
- Industrial Revolution created many industries hence the raw material need
- Europe looked at Africa as a source of industrial raw material like rubber, cotton, cocoa, and tobacco
Search for Markets
- As Europe became industrialized, there was a lot of competition for the industrial goods market
- European countries looked for colonies in Africa to find new markets for the goods
Social Reasons
The rise of Racism
- Europeans viewed their culture as superior and saw themselves as a superior race
- looked at Africa as a dark continent, considered it as their duty to civilize Africans
Settlement of Surplus Population
- During the 19th century, the population of Europe increased rapidly so there was a need to settle the surplus
- They saw Africa as an area where could settle surplus population
Abolition of Slave Trade
- humanitarian group emerged in Europe and campaigned against slavery and slave trade
- Humanitarian group advocate for equality
- European to Colonize Africa to stop sale trade
Missionary Activities
- Missionary activities led the scramble and partition of Africa, the missionary faced attacks and hostility from Africa community and their mother countries
Strategic Reasons
The Egypt Question
- Egypt Important to the Europe cause Suez Canal, canal linked Europe in Far East, it shortened route to India
- Britain fear then her travel would block from passing through canal was ✓ France had provided technical knowledge during the construction had some interest
The Source of the Nile
- River Nile was vital to the livelihood of Egypt, Control of River's Source it important.
- Desire to control sources of the river make the British occupy Uganda
The Congo River
- Africa had navigation river of them being Congo that strategic importance
- Belgians, friends and Portuguese clashed over controller Congo where
North African Coast
- the coast of North Africa was important in the control of the Mediterranean
- Attracted interests Italy and that a Tunisia
West Africa
- After Los in Egypt after the British, turned to West Africa Protectorate over Porto Nova and the quiet territory
The Process of Partition
- in attempt to prevent a major war in Europe,German chancellor Otto von Bismarck convene the conference in Berlin, the German capital in 1884 The conference take place in 1884 - 1885, the European Powers which the below and Britain France, Belgium, Portugal, Italy
- Any European Power clearing any region in Africa, inform European power, the European Power declare the sphere of influence or areas, they wish to occupy any part Africa will be followed by occupation, European power acquired the territory. ✓ All European Powers in Africa abolished slave trade and ended at any European power clean parts Africa coast land next coast became hers foundation of process end
European Possession Africa
Britain
- East Africa, Uganda, Kenyan Central Africa, Nigeria to Central
France
- Central Africa, Congo, Chad, France, Central Africa, West Africa, Togo, Senegal Ivory Coast, Dahomey, New Guinea, Niger
- North Africa of Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and North Eastern Africa
German
- East Africa of Tanganyika Rwanda for duty
Belgium
- Belgium Congo
Portugal
- Angola Mozambique Portuguese Guinea
Spain
- Spanish and Spanish Morocco
Italy
- Libya and Italian Somaliland
Impact of Partition Africa
Political
- lead to an introduction of new system Administration and Rule some African resist some part Europe world war nationalism
Economic
- Industrial materials supply industrial gains European helped to open Africa interior
Social
- led to establishment population spread Christianity better complex resistance
African reaction to European colonization
They can take one region and apply the other.
- resistance
- The people can do it there any way one there their country
Colonization
- They may do it now and can support your country but what a big problem is going in some
- southern communities
- The Uprising Africa with the most significant Africa challenge to German colonial
Maju Maju Rebellion
- Tanganyika
- 1905 - 1907, and Dr Karl Peters had made in 1885,
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Description
The First Matabele War arose from tensions between the Ndebele and British settlers. Key factors included British incitement of Shona raids on the Ndebele and Ndebele raids on white farms. The conflict led to significant losses for the Ndebele and increased hostility between Europeans and Africans.
