First Industrial Revolution Overview

A period of rapid industrial growth in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

The transition to a more market-oriented economy, leading to commercial farming and reduced subsistence agriculture.

Farming aimed at producing crops for sale rather than for personal consumption.

Farming system where farmers grow food mainly for their own consumption.

A job with uncertain income and stability, such as farming during the revolution.

Mass immigration of Irish people due to the Potato Famine in 1845.

A political policy favoring native inhabitants over immigrants, especially targeting Irish and German Catholics.

A political party formed in the 1850s opposing immigrants, especially Catholics, and known for secrecy.

A landmark 1842 case affirming the legality of labor unions in Massachusetts.

An Irish secret union formed in the 1860s that was involved in violent protests in Pennsylvania.

Term used for Chinese laborers who came to the U.S. in the 1850s, often treated poorly.

Andrew Jackson's election marked by increased support from Irish immigrants in the U.S.

Groups formed by workers aiming to improve conditions and wages, often facing legal challenges.

Widespread hatred and suspicion towards Irish immigrants due to their Catholic faith.

Chinese immigrants who worked on railroads, often viewed as disposable labor.

The U.S. population is doubling approximately every 23 years.

There is an increasing international market for U.S. cotton and goods.

Andrew Jackson was the first president from a non-prominent family, becoming self-made.

Jackson's nickname, symbolizing toughness and resilience.

A political practice where jobs are given based on party loyalty after elections.

By the 1830s, all white males could vote, increasing participation in politics.

Jackson believed long-term office holding led to corruption and advised term limits.

Jackson's administration was split between his secretary of state and vice president.

A conflict from 1846-1848 leading to significant U.S. territorial expansion.

The war resulted in 17 months of conflict with high casualties and major land acquisitions.

The U.S. became a nation spanning from coast to coast due to territorial acquisitions.

Created in 1849 to oversee land distribution and the creation of territories/states.

The imposition of military control over normal civilian functions, declared on foreign soil during the war.

A term for cotton's role in the Southern economy starting in 1792, driven by Eli Whitney's inventions.

Inventor of the cotton gin, which dramatically increased cotton production efficiency.

Standardized parts that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing.

Created by Jethro Wood in 1807, improved agriculture by easily breaking soil.

A machine created by Cyrus Hall McCormick in 1831 for harvesting wheat, replacing the scythe.

Completed in 1825, connected East and West trade, altering commerce routes.

Established in 1829, a fast mail service using relays of horses.

Invented using an electric motor, allowed long-distance communication via Morse code.

Patent by Charles Goodyear in 1844 that made rubber stronger and more elastic.

An integrated factory system in Massachusetts where young women worked under one roof.

Production method that replaced the putting-out system, centralizing production.

The need for labor during the Industrial Revolution spurred increased immigration to the U.S.

Leisure pastimes that increased as cities grew, included theaters and prize fighting.

Developments like steamboats and canals improved goods transportation in the 19th century.

Improved version of the cast-iron plow developed by John Deere in 1837, enabling tougher soil farming.

A Whig general in charge of the military during the Mexican-American War.

Proclaimed by John C. Frémont and his followers in 1846.

Santa Ana returned to power in Mexico as President in 1846.

The location where Winfield Scott began the assault on Mexico City in March 1847.

Treaty ending the Mexican-American War, signed February 2, 1848.

The U.S. acquired Texas, California, Arizona, and parts of other states from Mexico.

Chief peace negotiator for the U.S. during the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.

The treaty assured rights to Native Americans and Mexicans in ceded territories.