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Questions and Answers
What type of disease transmission occurs when a person inhales infected droplets?
What type of disease transmission occurs when a person inhales infected droplets?
- Vector transmission
- Indirect transmission
- Direct transmission
- Airborne transmission (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a basic precaution for body substance isolation?
Which of the following is NOT a basic precaution for body substance isolation?
- Personal hygiene
- Equipment cleaning and disinfecting
- Public advocacy (correct)
- Protective equipment
What is one of the main objectives of first aid?
What is one of the main objectives of first aid?
- To raise medical costs
- To alleviate suffering (correct)
- To increase anxiety
- To ignore the victim's needs
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of first aid training?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of first aid training?
Which material is considered infective for hepatitis?
Which material is considered infective for hepatitis?
What should be done to ensure the safety of the victim before administering first aid?
What should be done to ensure the safety of the victim before administering first aid?
What is the first step in the emergency action principles?
What is the first step in the emergency action principles?
What is the correct intervention sequence to remember in initial response?
What is the correct intervention sequence to remember in initial response?
Which characteristic is essential for a good first aider?
Which characteristic is essential for a good first aider?
What is the initial step you should take when treating a wound at home?
What is the initial step you should take when treating a wound at home?
What type of disease transmission occurs when a person touches a contaminated object?
What type of disease transmission occurs when a person touches a contaminated object?
What is a hindrance when giving first aid to a victim?
What is a hindrance when giving first aid to a victim?
When is it advisable to seek emergency care for a wound?
When is it advisable to seek emergency care for a wound?
What should a first aider avoid giving to an unconscious patient?
What should a first aider avoid giving to an unconscious patient?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with tuberculosis?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with tuberculosis?
What should you avoid doing to facilitate proper healing of an abrasion?
What should you avoid doing to facilitate proper healing of an abrasion?
What action should be taken if severe bleeding is identified?
What action should be taken if severe bleeding is identified?
Which animal is a common vector for disease transmission?
Which animal is a common vector for disease transmission?
Which of the following actions will help prevent infection while treating minor cuts?
Which of the following actions will help prevent infection while treating minor cuts?
How should good first aiders approach the emotional state of the victim?
How should good first aiders approach the emotional state of the victim?
What type of debris should you seek professional assistance to remove?
What type of debris should you seek professional assistance to remove?
What form of treatment might a healthcare provider give for animal bites?
What form of treatment might a healthcare provider give for animal bites?
Why is it recommended to elevate a wound while applying pressure?
Why is it recommended to elevate a wound while applying pressure?
Which of these is NOT a recommended action for cleaning a wound?
Which of these is NOT a recommended action for cleaning a wound?
What is the primary use of an occlusive dressing?
What is the primary use of an occlusive dressing?
Which of the following is classified as a closed wound?
Which of the following is classified as a closed wound?
When providing first aid, what is a recommended action?
When providing first aid, what is a recommended action?
Which of the following items is NOT suggested for a first aid kit?
Which of the following items is NOT suggested for a first aid kit?
What should you NOT do when caring for a victim?
What should you NOT do when caring for a victim?
Which type of injury is characterized by slight bleeding and a narrow penetration?
Which type of injury is characterized by slight bleeding and a narrow penetration?
What is a common cause of wounds?
What is a common cause of wounds?
Which of the following best describes an abrasion?
Which of the following best describes an abrasion?
What should you do if a rash appears after using an ointment?
What should you do if a rash appears after using an ointment?
What is an appropriate first step for treating a minor scrape?
What is an appropriate first step for treating a minor scrape?
When should you get a tetanus shot after an injury?
When should you get a tetanus shot after an injury?
What indicates the need to see a doctor after an injury?
What indicates the need to see a doctor after an injury?
What characters define an avulsion injury?
What characters define an avulsion injury?
What is a common method for closing a deep avulsion wound?
What is a common method for closing a deep avulsion wound?
What type of injury is classified as an incision?
What type of injury is classified as an incision?
What is the first step in cleaning a wound after an injury?
What is the first step in cleaning a wound after an injury?
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Study Notes
First Aid
- Immediate care for injuries or illnesses
- Includes self-help and home care
- Focuses on physical condition, emotional state, and the accident situation
- Includes encouragement and willingness to help
Objectives of First Aid
- Alleviate suffering
- Prevent further injury or danger
- Prolong life
Purpose of First Aid Training
- Prevent accidents
- Teach people to act correctly in emergencies
- Prevent further injury or danger
- Provide proper transportation
Value of First Aid Training
- Self-help
- Assisting others
- Preparation for disasters and calamities
- Safety awareness:
- Causes of accidents
- Effects of accidents
- Accident prevention
Hindrances to Giving First Aid
- Unfavorable surroundings
- Presence of a crowd
- Pressure from the victim or relatives
General Directions for First Aid
- Determine the best way to rescue the victim
- Ensure the victim has an open airway
- Administer artificial respiration if necessary
- Control severe bleeding
Other First Aid Directions
- Keep the injured person lying down comfortably with their head level
- Look for hemorrhage, breathing stoppage, poisoning, wounds, fractures, burns, and discoloration
- Keep the injured person warm
- Send someone for medical assistance
- Remain calm and do not move the victim unless necessary
- Never give water or liquids to an unconscious patient
- Keep onlookers away from the injured person
- Make the patient comfortable and keep them cheerful
- Do not let the patient see their own injury
Characteristics of a Good First Aider
- Gentle - should not cause pain
- Resourceful - should make the best use of what is available
- Observant - should notice all signs
- Tactful - should not alarm the victim
- Empathetic - should be comforting
- Respectable - should maintain a professional and caring attitude
Transmission of Diseases and the First Aider
- Direct transmission - occurs through contact with an infected person's bodily fluids
- Indirect transmission - occurs through contact with a contaminated object
- Airborne transmission - occurs when infected droplets are inhaled, such as from coughing or sneezing
- Vector transmission - occurs when an animal or insect transmits a pathogen through a bite (e.g., dengue fever, rabies, venoms)
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
- Precautions taken to prevent exposure to bodily substances
Basic Precautions and Practices
- Personal hygiene
- Protective equipment
- Equipment cleaning and disinfecting
Diseases that Cause Concern
| Disease | Signs and Symptoms | Infective Material |
|---|---|---|
| Herpes | Lesions, general ill feeling, sore throat | Broken skin, mucous membranes |
| Meningitis | Respiratory illness, sore throat, nausea, vomiting | Food and water, mucous |
| TB (Tuberculosis) | Weight loss, night sweats, occasional fever, general ill feeling | Saliva, airborne droplets |
| Hepatitis | Flu-like symptoms, jaundice | Blood, saliva, semen, feces, food, water, other products |
| HIV/AIDS | Fever, night sweats, weight loss, chronic diarrhea, severe fatigue, shortness of breath, swollen lymph nodes, lesions | Blood, semen, vaginal fluids |
Starting First Aid
- Plan your actions
- Gather necessary materials
- Remember the initial response:
- Ask for help
- Intervene
- Do no further harm
- Provide instructions to helpers
Emergency Action Principles
- Survey the Scene
- Is the scene safe?
- What happened?
- How many people are injured?
- Are there bystanders who can help?
Suggested First Aid Kit Contents
- Rubbing alcohol
- Povidone-iodine
- Cotton
- Gauze pads
- Tongue depressor
- Penlight
- Gloves
- Scissors (medical)
- Forceps
- Bandage (triangular)
- Elastic roller bandage
- Occlusive dressing
- Plasters
Dressing and Bandages
- Dressing - sterile material used to cover wounds
- Bandage - clean material used to secure the dressing
Do's and Don'ts in Giving First Aid
Do
- Obtain consent when possible
- Assume the worst-case scenario
- Identify yourself to the victim
- Provide comfort and emotional support
- Respect the victim's modesty and privacy
- Be calm and direct
- Care for the most serious injuries first
- Assist the victim with their prescribed medication
- Keep onlookers away from the victim
- Handle the victim as little as possible
- Loosen tight clothing
Don't
- Let the victim see their own injury
- Leave the victim alone except to get help
- Assume the victim's obvious injuries are the only ones
- Make unrealistic promises
- Trust the judgment of a confused victim to make decisions
Soft Tissue Injuries
- Wounds - a break in the continuity of body tissue, internal or external
Classification of Wounds
- Open wounds - a break in the skin
- Closed wounds - involve underlying tissues without a break in the skin
Causes of Wounds
- External physical forces, such as accidents, falls, mishandling of sharp objects, tools, machinery, and weapons
Effects of Wounds
- Harmful to both the skin and the body's functions
- Loss of blood
- Tissue destruction
- Nerve injury
- Functional disturbances
- Contamination with foreign material
Types of Wounds
1. Punctures
- Caused by pointed instruments (nails, pins, ice picks, daggers, etc.)
- Deep and narrow
- May have serious or slight bleeding
2. Abrasions
- Caused by scraping or rubbing against rough surfaces
- Shallow and wide
- Oozing blood, often dirty
3. Lacerations
- Caused by blunt instruments (shrapnel, broken glass, etc)
- Torn with irregular edges
- Serious or slight bleeding
4. Avulsions
- Caused by explosions, animal bites, mishandling of tools, etc.
- Tissue forcefully separated from the body
- May involve a flap of tissue or a completely detached piece
5. Incisions
- Caused by sharp-bladed instruments (blades, razors, knives, metal edges, etc.)
- Clean cut
- May be deep with severe bleeding
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