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Minimum Hose Inventory

• Each engine company should have a minimum hose inventory consisting of:
• 6” Soft Intake: 25’
• 5": 1000 feet
• 2 ½”: 1000 feet
• 1" Booster Line: 200 feet
• 10 ft hard suction: 2 (Two) sections
• High Rise Pack: 195' of 2 ½” HR hose and 2 (Two) 200 foot
• Pre-Connected 1 ¾”/1.88” crosslays
• 1 ¾”/1.88” attack hoselines: All other 1 ¾” attack hoselines length per company captain
• Wildland Hose: 200’ of 1” hose
• Apartment Pack: 100’ of 1 ¾” hose

5” Hose Specifics

• 5” hose fitted with Storz quarter-turn couplings serves as the primary supply hose
• 5” hoses must be loaded flat in the hose bed, with couplings staggered to prevent flipping during layout
• A rope “hydrant loop” with a hydrant wrench and two 5” spanner wrenches must be available for laying a supply line
• When connecting 5” hose to the intake valve, avoid right-hand twists to prevent uncoupling upon charging
• If using a hose clamp, place it close to a coupling on the supply side insuring to clamp at least 25’ back from the tail board
• Supply lines connected to a hydrant at incident scenes are recommended to be 5” or larger

5” Hose Safety and Operations

• When loosening the hose clamp, do not position yourself on the hinge side of the clamp
• The engineer should direct hydrant opening via portable radio or arm signals if visible, otherwise, use a runner
• Crossing a 5” hose SHALL ONLY BE DONE IN AN EMERGENCY, minimizing coupling damage
• When possible, lay 5” hose to avoid vehicle paths, cross at an angle, and allow only high ground clearance vehicles to cross
• No apparatus shall drive over a 5” hose coupling
• Compared to 2 ½” hose, 5” hose experiences less friction loss but still has limitations
• A flow of 1200 GPM results in 10 PSI friction loss per 100' section of 5” hose; the practical volume limit is 1600 GPM
• When using a full bed load of 5” hose to supply an attack engine, connect an additional engine to the hydrant to relay pump the supply line
• 5” hose lays requiring multiple bed loads may need in-line relay engines in addition to the engine at the hydrant
• Two-stage pumps must be operated in VOLUME when pumping 5” hose
• Maintain a minimum of 10 PSI residual pressure and never exceed 200 PSI PDP

Storz Adapters and Appliances

• 6” Ball Intake Valve (BIV): with 5” Storz connection
• 6” Piston Intake Valve (PIV): with 5” Storz connection
• Front Intake: 5” piping outfitted with 6” Female to 5” Storz connection
• The 6” Ball intake valve (BIV) will flow in excess of 2000 GPM and can draft if outfitted with the proper adapter

Storz Adapters

• 4” female to 5” Storz adapter: Located on the LDH discharge valve
• 4 ½” female to 5” Storz adapter: This is standard JFRD hydrant connection, normally installed on 5” hose in the hose bed
• 2 ½” female to 5” Storz adapter: Used to connect 5” hose to the 2 ½” outlet on a hydrant
• 5” Storz to 6” male adapter: A vacuum-rated adapter for connecting hard suction or 6” soft intake hose to a BIV, painted Red and equipped with vacuum-rated gasket

2 ½” Hose Information

• 2 ½” hose shall be loaded in the hose bed with the male coupling out (on top)
• This hose can be used for multiple applications

2 ½” Hose Applications

• FDC: To supply a sprinkler or standpipe systems
• Master Stream: To supply the ground monitor and mini-monitor
• Handline: High Volume handline for large fires and to supply a gated wye
• Supply: To transfer water between apparatus on scene

2 ½” Pre-connected Handline

• Rapid deployment, up to 300GPM
• Relatively short lengths (200’ or less) may be a limiting factor for large area structures

2 ½” Static Load

• Ability to carry several hundred feet of hose so the proper length can be deployed
• The engineer must break the coupling and connect to the desired discharge outlet

2 ½” Standard Hose Adapters and Appliances

• 2 ½” Double Male
• 2 ½” Double Female
• 2 ½” x 1 ½” Gated Wye: Every engine company should carry at least two – one on the front bumper discharge and one with the apartment pack
• 2 ½” Siamese: For joining two 2 ½” hose lines together to form one hose line; may be used augment the FDC to increase sprinkler or standpipe flow or during a “modified tanker shuttle”

2 ½” Smooth Bore Nozzle

• Operates at 50 PSI nozzle pressure (NP) with the following flows:
• 1": 200 GPM
• 1 1/8": 250 GPM
• 1 1/4": 300 GPM
• The maximum safe flow through a 2 ½” handline is 300 GPM
• To compensate for friction loss in 2 ½” handlines add 10 PSI per 100’ to the PDP
• This standard friction loss works equally well for fog streams or smooth bore nozzles

Akron Turbojet 2 ½” Fog Nozzle

• Operates at 100 PSI NP with an adjustable flow range of 125, 150, 200 and 250 GPM
• Has a "break-apart" feature allowing 1 ¾” hose to be extended from the playpipe
• Rotating the bumper fully clockwise will shut off the nozzle even if the bale is open

1 ¾”/JFRD Spec 1.88” Hose and Nozzles

• 1 ¾”/JFRD Spec 1.88” hose loaded in a pre-connected manner is the “bread and butter” attack line of the JFRD

Akron Turbojet Nozzle

• This nozzle has five settings from 30-200 GPM
• The JFRD recommends the 95, 125, or 150 GPM setting for initial interior firefighting
• Always check the GPM setting at the beginning of your shift and prior to use
• Add 5 PSI PDP per floor when operating above ground level
• Most engine companies carry the 75 PSI model; the Hazardous Materials Team carries the 100 PSI model
• It is important to understand both “nozzle pressure” (NP) and “pump discharge pressure” (PDP), using the formula: PDP = Nozzle Pressure + Friction Loss

Akron Turbojet (75 PSI) Fog Nozzle

• An initial PDP of 110 PSI will allow the nozzle operator to select 95, 125 or 150 GPM on the nozzle and attain this flow
• A desired flow of 200 GPM requires an increase in PDP from 110 PSI to 150 PSI, and two firefighters may be required for safe handling

Akron Turbojet (100 PSI) Fog Nozzle

• A pump discharge pressure of 135 PSI will allow the nozzle operator to select 95, 125 or 150 GPM on the nozzle and attain this flow; the nozzle operator can change the GPM setting with no adjustment in PDP required
• A desired flow of 200 GPM requires an increase in PDP from 135 PSI to 175 PSI; two firefighters may be required for safe handling
• There is a greater tendency for handlines to kink when used with the 75 PSI nozzle so a quick remedy is to increase the initial PDP when charging, then reduce to the recommended PDP
• If the nozzle operator experiences a sudden PSI loss while advancing, suspect a kinked line; all firefighters on scene shall be watchful for kinks and assist in feeding hose into and inside a structure; if hose kinks become frequent the engineer can boost PDP by 10-25 PSI

Akron SaberJet Nozzle

• This 1 ¾” nozzle has a dual position bale allowing the nozzle operator to select a fog or solid stream
• The fog ranges from a narrow angle to a wide angle and cannot produce a straight stream
• The smooth bore can be configured for 7/8” or 15/16" tip and cannot flow both fog and solid streams simultaneously

Akron SaberJet Nozzle - Solid Stream Settings

• 150 GPM at 50 PSI NP (7/8”)
• 180 GPM at 50 PSI NP (15/16”)

Akron SaberJet Nozzle - Fog Stream Setting

• 135 GPM at 100 PSI NP
• A PDP of 125 PSI will produce the above flows with 150’ or 200’ of hose
• When the solid stream is selected this nozzle may require two firefighters for safe control; if less volume is sufficient, this nozzle produces a quality fog and solid stream at lower pressures that can be handled by one firefighter
• The nozzle operator can change from fog to solid and back with no PDP adjustment required
• The change in GPM results in a corresponding change in friction loss (friction loss increases by 40-50 PSI when changing from fog to solid stream)

Cross Lays

• All Cross lays should be equipped with 10’ short sections at the discharge pipe
• These sections are useful when extending a line or placing a foam eductor in-line

Booster Line

• Each engine carries 200’ of 1” booster hose and it is used for a variety of small fires, wildland fires, or overhaul
• Each Booster Hose is equipped with a 1” Akron Turbojet Nozzle with the following GPM settings (13, 25, 40 and 60 GPM) at 100 PSI
• Sustained high pressure combined with low pumping volume can contribute to high pump temperature and impeller damage

Hard Suction Hose

• All engines carry two 10 foot sections of hard suction hose
• There is (1) heavy-duty hose and (1) drafting hose
• Each hose has 6" threads to match the steamer connection.
• Heavy-duty hose is for drafting or connection to a hydrant; its heavy, not very flexible, and difficult to maneuver
• Refer to page 63 for instructions on making a hard suction to hydrant “hook-up.” The 6” to 4 ½” adapter and 6” to 2 ½” adapter permit the heavy-duty suction hose to be connected to a hydrant
• The drafting hose is lightweight and flexible but is for drafting only and cannot be pressurized
• Each engine shall be equipped with a barrel-style strainer and rope for drafting from a natural static source

Low Level Strainer

• Two types of low-level strainers are in use to facilitate drafting from tanker basins
• Each tanker carries a strainer with 4 ½” threads (right)
• Also attached to this strainer is a 4 ½” double male adapter which allows a direct connection to 4 ½” hard suction hose carried by tankers
• Connecting to 6” hard suction requires a 4 ½” to 6” adapter (also carried by tankers)
• A newer type of strainer is carried by Tankers and some Engines
• It is red in color and has 6” threads; its lightweight and may need to be weighted down in a tanker basin

Soft Intake Hose

• All engines should be equipped with a 6” soft intake hose, red in color and 25 ft. in length
• This hose will flow in excess of 2000 GPM when connected to a Ball Intake Valve (BIV) or directly to the steamer intakes

Apartment Packs

• Each Engine Company shall maintain 100’ of 1 ¾” hose, loaded in shoulder packs
• These packs shall be equipped with a 2 ½” x 1 ½” gated wye and a nozzle

High Rise Packs

• Each Engine company shall carry the following equipment:
• Three – 65’ sections of JFRD “High Rise Spec” 2 ½” Hose (Loaded in shoulder packs)
• One – 2 ½” lightweight nozzle equipped the following way: Bail shut off, mini stream shaper, short stack tips (size 1 ⅛” and ½” low flow); A ½” low flow tip will flow 40 GPM at 30 PSI
• High Rise Bag, consisting of 2 ½” in-line pressure gauge, 2 ½” gate/ball valve, 2 ½” Lightweight elbow, 1 ½” x 2 ½” increaser, 1 ½” Fog Nozzle, 2 spanner wrenches, marking device, 6 door wedges, 6 inner tube latch straps, 6 disposable glow sticks, 14-18” pipe wrench, flat blade screwdriver, Phillips head screwdriver, Allen wrenches, 6-8” crescent wrench

Distributor Nozzles

• Ladder companies carry distributor (attic) nozzles that can be placed into an attic space from the floor below
• These include 1 ½” and 2 ½” nozzles, two lengths of 1 ½” aluminum pipe (6’ and 2’), a 1 ½” x 2 ½” increaser and a standard 2 ½” playpipe
• These nozzles cover up to 1000 sq. ft. of attic space and flow 115 GPM (1 ½”) and 395-495 GPM (2 ½”) at 100 PSI
• The attic nozzle is an excellent tool for fires located in the attic space and is ideal for fires caused by lightning strikes
• Ladder Companies also carry a third distributor nozzle (bottom) designed for use as a cellar nozzle
• The cellar nozzle will flow 500 GPM at 50 PSI and cover up to 1250 sq. ft. of area

Foam and Foam Equipment

• JFRD engines and tankers are equipped with class A and class B foam concentrates and proportioning appliances to deliver finished foam (air, water and foam concentrate solution)
• The JFRD also maintains an extensive foam inventory and large delivery devices carried by the JFRD Hazmat Team

Class A Foam

• Class A foam is primarily used for wildland fires, dumpster fires, junkyard fires and during overhaul
• Class A foam is a wetting agent that breaks the surface tension of water, permitting greater penetration of water into Class A fuels
• It is educted at ¼%, ½%, and 1%
• Class A foam is not compatible with Class B foams
• DO NOT USE Class A foam on Class B fires

Class B Foam

• Class B foam is used on flammable liquid fires and spills
• Alcohol-resistant versions of Class B foam have proven to be effective on all types of Class B fires
• National Foam’s Universal Green 3% (AR-Synthetic) is the class B foam utilized by JFRD engines and tankers, equally effective on hydrocarbon non-polar fuels, as well as polar solvents
• Class B foam is educted at 3%
• JFRD has other Class B foams (listed below) used for aviation and other non-polar fuels
• Most gasoline now contains up to 10% ethanol, Class B foam and Akron foam eductors with aeration tubes are required to achieve proper expansion ratios to extinguish flammable liquid fires

Apparatus Carrying National Foam’s Universal Green 3% (AR-Synthetic)

• Engines 7 and 21: These engines have a built-in foam proportioner and a 100-gallon foam tank
• Foam 37 and 48: Each tanker carries 2500 gallons of foam concentrate

Apparatus Carrying 3% Mil-Spec Foam

• Stations 16 and 56 – Aviation fuel is non-polar and very similar to kerosene. 3% Mil-Spec Foam will be most effective on these fires and spills
• 3% Mil-Spec Foam IS NOT compatible with Universal Green (AR-Synthetic) and should never be mixed, but it can be applied to the same fire through different appliances
• Never add Class B foam to any apparatus foam tank

Each Engine

• Shall carry at least enough foam concentrate to convert the booster tank water into finished foam, which calls for a minimum of 15 gallons or 3 pails of class B foam concentrate and 5 gallons or 1 pail of class A foam concentrate

Each Tanker

• Shall carry at least enough foam concentrate to convert the 2500-gallon tank into finished foam
• This calls for a minimum of 75 gallons or 15 pails of class B foam concentrate and 25 gallons or 5 pails of class A foam concentrate

Standard Foam Delivery Equipment

• In addition to foam concentrate, each engine and tanker shall carry basic foam nozzles and proportioning equipment; this equipment must be maintained properly, with thorough flushing after use, to ensure performance
• The Akron foam eductor is rated at 125 GPM can be selected for ¼% to 6% and is used with the standard 1 ¾” handline
• The 75 PSI Akron Turbojet fog nozzle is more compatible and is recommended; the fog nozzle should be set to 125 GPM to match the eductor rating
• The 100 PSI Akron Turbojet fog nozzle can be used if it has a compatible aerator foam tube
• The Akron Foam Tube, which provides aggressive aeration at the nozzle MUST BE USED with Universal Green 3% (AR-Synthetic) for proper expansion ratios

Guidelines for Foam Use

(Also see Appendix K for JFRD Foam Reference Guide)

• Class B fuels must be static for the finished foam to work properly
• Dike, dam, and/or divert the fuel so that it will pool
• Ensure a PKP extinguisher is manned and ready for 3-dimensional fires (dynamic)
• The foam eductor shall be set to match the foam concentrate
• The maximum distance between the eductor and nozzle is stated below
• If more distance is required between the apparatus and the eductor, use a 2 ½” hose and a gated wye or reducer
• When using a 75 PSI nozzle, the maximum distance is 250’
• When using a 100 PSI nozzle, the maximum distance is 150’
• The nozzle setting shall match the rated flow of the eductor (125 GPM)
• The nozzle bale must be fully opened and ensure that there are no kinks in the hose
• For accurate foam use, the foam eductor requires an inlet pressure of 200 PSI, providing the proper nozzle pressure and sufficient GPM
• Nozzle pressure will not be excessive due to the friction loss that occurs within the foam eductor
• Foam concentrate will educt at lower PDP, making it possible to produce finished foam at a lower PDP; however, this creates two problems
• The GPM at this lower PDP will be less than the 125 GPM selected
• At less than 200 PSI, the eductor will draw MORE foam than the educator setting, resulting in a richer foam solution
• You will use more foam and run out quicker, as the proper water-to-foam ratio cannot be achieved unless the inlet pressure is 200 PSI
• Once the fire is extinguished and foam is static, or the spill is contained and covered with a 4” blanket, verify the integrity of the foam blanket using a combustible gas meter (found on hazmat apparatus and ladders), if available
• Reapply foam blanket every 5-15 minutes
• The drain time (the time the foam blanket water is drawn out) of Universal Green class B foam is 90 minutes (salt water) to 300 minutes (fresh water)

Special Appliances

• Akron 250 GPM eductor
• Engines 7, 21, and selected Engines throughout the JFRD also carry the Akron 250 GPM eductor and foam tube
• Used with a 2 ½” hose and the 2 ½” Akron Turbojet nozzle, this setup allows up to 300’ between the eductor and nozzle; the educator requires 200 PSI inlet pressure
• The hazmat teams also carry several large caliber master stream appliances for foam and dry chemicals

Storage and Reserve Stocks

• JFRD maintains emergency stockpiles of foam at TSF and in foam tankers
• The total JFRD foam reserve is approximately 20,000 gallons
• The shelf life of Class A foam is indefinite
• Class B concentrate can be stored for many years without issue
• The plastic containers, however, are subject to damage from rough handling and will deteriorate when exposed to sunlight for extended periods
• The shelf life of Class B concentrate is maximized by proper storage and environmental conditions; do not allow the foam to freeze
• Class B foam concentrate has shown no significant loss of performance even after being stored for 10 years or more
• Universal Green 3% Class B foam concentrate is supplied in five-gallon pails and 250-gallon totes and is not considered a hazardous material to the environment but requires care when handling

Class B Foam Specifications

• Compatible with dry chemicals
• Cannot be used for subsurface injection
• Can be used with fresh or salt water