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Questions and Answers
Where was the first American fully paid fire department?
Where was the first American fully paid fire department?
Cincinnati, Ohio
What was the worst urban fire in our history?
What was the worst urban fire in our history?
Chicago, October 8, 1871
Which fire led to the standardization of hose couplings after apparatus from other cities arrived and found the couplings were not compatible?
Which fire led to the standardization of hose couplings after apparatus from other cities arrived and found the couplings were not compatible?
Baltimore, 1904
Which report by the National Commission of Fire Prevention and Control showed that the United States had a fire problem?
Which report by the National Commission of Fire Prevention and Control showed that the United States had a fire problem?
This system can aid in accounting for personnel within the hazard zone.
This system can aid in accounting for personnel within the hazard zone.
The ___________ will be used to collect passports for tracking personnel on the scene.
The ___________ will be used to collect passports for tracking personnel on the scene.
What does LUNAR stand for?
What does LUNAR stand for?
Define combustion.
Define combustion.
What is the formation of a chemical bond between oxygen and another element called?
What is the formation of a chemical bond between oxygen and another element called?
What is the chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat called?
What is the chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat called?
What is the conversion of a liquid into the gaseous state through the action of heat called?
What is the conversion of a liquid into the gaseous state through the action of heat called?
What is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of a liquid compared with the weight of an equal volume of water called?
What is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of a liquid compared with the weight of an equal volume of water called?
What is the temperature at which a liquid will produce vapors sufficient to support continuous combustion once ignited called?
What is the temperature at which a liquid will produce vapors sufficient to support continuous combustion once ignited called?
The ___________ is the minimum temperature to which a fuel in air must be heated to start self-sustained combustion without a separate ignition source.
The ___________ is the minimum temperature to which a fuel in air must be heated to start self-sustained combustion without a separate ignition source.
The ________ is the volume between an inlet and an outlet that allows the movement of heat and smoke from the higher pressure within the fire area towards the lower pressure accessible via doors and windows.
The ________ is the volume between an inlet and an outlet that allows the movement of heat and smoke from the higher pressure within the fire area towards the lower pressure accessible via doors and windows.
A load that is in motion when applied is called a _______.
A load that is in motion when applied is called a _______.
This type of construction consists mainly of reinforced concrete with structural members that are protected.
This type of construction consists mainly of reinforced concrete with structural members that are protected.
This type of construction is similar to fire-resistive construction, and all metal buildings fall into this category.
This type of construction is similar to fire-resistive construction, and all metal buildings fall into this category.
This type of construction requires that exterior walls and structural members be made of noncombustible or limited combustible material.
This type of construction requires that exterior walls and structural members be made of noncombustible or limited combustible material.
This type of construction requires that exterior and interior walls and associated structural members be made of noncombustible or limited combustible materials.
This type of construction requires that exterior and interior walls and associated structural members be made of noncombustible or limited combustible materials.
This type of construction has exterior walls, bearing walls, floors, roofs, and supports made completely or partially of wood or other approved materials.
This type of construction has exterior walls, bearing walls, floors, roofs, and supports made completely or partially of wood or other approved materials.
What tool is used to shut off the water in hose lines when other control valves are not applicable?
What tool is used to shut off the water in hose lines when other control valves are not applicable?
A __________ should be placed 20' behind the pumper or 5' behind the coupling on the supply side.
A __________ should be placed 20' behind the pumper or 5' behind the coupling on the supply side.
A _______ is a short fold placed in the hose to change the location of a coupling.
A _______ is a short fold placed in the hose to change the location of a coupling.
A ___________ results in the change in the direction of energy and its multiplication when the flow of water is suddenly stopped.
A ___________ results in the change in the direction of energy and its multiplication when the flow of water is suddenly stopped.
In order to perform a _______________ the fire apparatus stops at the fire and the firefighter pulls off the necessary amount of hose and equipment and drags it to the hydrant.
In order to perform a _______________ the fire apparatus stops at the fire and the firefighter pulls off the necessary amount of hose and equipment and drags it to the hydrant.
When testing fire hose, what pressure must new hose be tested at for how many minutes and in what lengths?
When testing fire hose, what pressure must new hose be tested at for how many minutes and in what lengths?
When testing used hose, what pressure must it be tested at for how long and in what lengths?
When testing used hose, what pressure must it be tested at for how long and in what lengths?
When one cubic foot of water (7.5 gallons) is converted into steam, it expands to how many cubic feet of space?
When one cubic foot of water (7.5 gallons) is converted into steam, it expands to how many cubic feet of space?
When classifying fire streams according to GPMs, what is defined as a small stream, hand stream, and master stream?
When classifying fire streams according to GPMs, what is defined as a small stream, hand stream, and master stream?
What are the methods by which foam controls a hazard?
What are the methods by which foam controls a hazard?
Fuels that require foam application at a rate of 3% for effective blanketing and extinguishment are called?
Fuels that require foam application at a rate of 3% for effective blanketing and extinguishment are called?
Fuels that require a foam application rate of 6% because they tend to attack and destroy the foam blanket are called?
Fuels that require a foam application rate of 6% because they tend to attack and destroy the foam blanket are called?
Class A foams have a low application rate of ___ to ___ and are -% water.
Class A foams have a low application rate of ___ to ___ and are -% water.
What does PASS stand for?
What does PASS stand for?
When riding on a fire apparatus, noise levels above what decibels require the firefighter to wear protection?
When riding on a fire apparatus, noise levels above what decibels require the firefighter to wear protection?
What does IDLH stand for?
What does IDLH stand for?
The SCBA air supply cylinder must be hydrostatically tested every how many years?
The SCBA air supply cylinder must be hydrostatically tested every how many years?
What will activate at approximately 1375 psi or 1/4 tank capacity?
What will activate at approximately 1375 psi or 1/4 tank capacity?
When no movement is sensed for 20 seconds, what mode is activated?
When no movement is sensed for 20 seconds, what mode is activated?
If no movement is sensed for 30 seconds, what mode does your Scott PASS go into?
If no movement is sensed for 30 seconds, what mode does your Scott PASS go into?
What are the two major mechanical failure modes?
What are the two major mechanical failure modes?
What are the four catastrophic failures?
What are the four catastrophic failures?
What are the tactical priorities?
What are the tactical priorities?
When you have definite rescue where you can see or hear victims, what is this called?
When you have definite rescue where you can see or hear victims, what is this called?
If the incident commander judges that an imminent life-threatening situation exists then you have a?
If the incident commander judges that an imminent life-threatening situation exists then you have a?
A search rope is ________ feet long with knots tied every ____ feet and a _____ inch space between each distance knot.
A search rope is ________ feet long with knots tied every ____ feet and a _____ inch space between each distance knot.
What do you say upon completion of the primary search?
What do you say upon completion of the primary search?
The _______ is conducted by personnel other than those who did the primary search.
The _______ is conducted by personnel other than those who did the primary search.
When the secondary search is complete, what should you say?
When the secondary search is complete, what should you say?
How do you properly prioritize a search area?
How do you properly prioritize a search area?
What should you do if you become trapped?
What should you do if you become trapped?
A team of specially trained firefighters solely designated to provide safety, search and rescue of trapped or lost firefighters are called what?
A team of specially trained firefighters solely designated to provide safety, search and rescue of trapped or lost firefighters are called what?
It takes an average of how many firefighters to rescue one downed firefighter?
It takes an average of how many firefighters to rescue one downed firefighter?
What are ladder requirements for truck companies?
What are ladder requirements for truck companies?
What are ladder requirements for engine companies?
What are ladder requirements for engine companies?
The ____________ is the lowest and widest section of an extension ladder.
The ____________ is the lowest and widest section of an extension ladder.
The ladder section that extends or retracts is called the ________.
The ladder section that extends or retracts is called the ________.
The top of the ladder is also called the ______.
The top of the ladder is also called the ______.
You should always make sure ladders are not raised within _________ of electrical lines.
You should always make sure ladders are not raised within _________ of electrical lines.
What are the two angles ladders may be placed at?
What are the two angles ladders may be placed at?
What is the safest way to vent a building with backdraft potential?
What is the safest way to vent a building with backdraft potential?
What are the four key attributes of smoke?
What are the four key attributes of smoke?
A forced ventilation technique that uses a high-volume fan to create a slightly higher pressure inside a building than that outside is called what?
A forced ventilation technique that uses a high-volume fan to create a slightly higher pressure inside a building than that outside is called what?
________ use the principle of the lever and fulcrum to provide mechanical advantage.
________ use the principle of the lever and fulcrum to provide mechanical advantage.
What is the first rule of forcible entry?
What is the first rule of forcible entry?
How do you properly care for wooden handles?
How do you properly care for wooden handles?
To reset the 'emergency button' on the walkie, the user should depress the orange button for approximately how many seconds?
To reset the 'emergency button' on the walkie, the user should depress the orange button for approximately how many seconds?
Where do most emergency vehicle accidents occur?
Where do most emergency vehicle accidents occur?
If driving during a true emergency, what should you always remember to do?
If driving during a true emergency, what should you always remember to do?
What is a written statement of how an organization will function administratively and operationally?
What is a written statement of how an organization will function administratively and operationally?
If the brake fluid becomes too hot, what will happen?
If the brake fluid becomes too hot, what will happen?
What is the most common size of a GFD tarp?
What is the most common size of a GFD tarp?
A hydrant with a _______ means it has low flow - less than 500 GPM.
A hydrant with a _______ means it has low flow - less than 500 GPM.
The part of total pressure that is not used to overcome friction or gravity while forcing water through pipes, fittings, firehose and adaptors is called?
The part of total pressure that is not used to overcome friction or gravity while forcing water through pipes, fittings, firehose and adaptors is called?
What is the formula used to determine GPM flow? What are the coefficients and their corresponding shapes?
What is the formula used to determine GPM flow? What are the coefficients and their corresponding shapes?
If you are drafting, how much distance should you have around all sides of your suction hose?
If you are drafting, how much distance should you have around all sides of your suction hose?
What are the key elements for shuttle operations of a rural water supply?
What are the key elements for shuttle operations of a rural water supply?
What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
What does BLEVE stand for?
What does BLEVE stand for?
Liquid Petroleum Gas is about how many times heavier than air?
Liquid Petroleum Gas is about how many times heavier than air?
You should establish a danger zone of how far in either direction when you have downed transmission lines?
You should establish a danger zone of how far in either direction when you have downed transmission lines?
What is a load resulting from rapid change of movement called?
What is a load resulting from rapid change of movement called?
In kernmantle rope, what percentage comes from the kern and what percentage from the mantle?
In kernmantle rope, what percentage comes from the kern and what percentage from the mantle?
The mantle is the _______ and the kern is the _______ of the rope.
The mantle is the _______ and the kern is the _______ of the rope.
General-use rope must have a minimum breaking strength of how many pounds and a maximum safe working load limit of how many pounds?
General-use rope must have a minimum breaking strength of how many pounds and a maximum safe working load limit of how many pounds?
A _________ harness is rated for loads up to how many pounds?
A _________ harness is rated for loads up to how many pounds?
A ______ is formed by simply bending the rope back on itself while keeping the sides parallel.
A ______ is formed by simply bending the rope back on itself while keeping the sides parallel.
A ______ is made by crossing the side of a bight over the standing part.
A ______ is made by crossing the side of a bight over the standing part.
A _______ consists of further bending one side of a loop.
A _______ consists of further bending one side of a loop.
A _________ is used to join two pieces of webbing or the ends of the same piece when a loop is needed.
A _________ is used to join two pieces of webbing or the ends of the same piece when a loop is needed.
A hazard marking for a FEMA structure of a location that is relatively safe for USAR operations is marked with a __________.
A hazard marking for a FEMA structure of a location that is relatively safe for USAR operations is marked with a __________.
Rescuers should not enter unshored trenches and excavations more than how many feet in depth, even for rescue?
Rescuers should not enter unshored trenches and excavations more than how many feet in depth, even for rescue?
Spoil piles would be moved at least how far from the edge of trenches?
Spoil piles would be moved at least how far from the edge of trenches?
You should approach trenches from the ______ to avoid a secondary collapse.
You should approach trenches from the ______ to avoid a secondary collapse.
What indicates an oxygen-rich atmosphere which increases the potential for ignition?
What indicates an oxygen-rich atmosphere which increases the potential for ignition?
On arrival to a confined space rescue, what are your two goals to assist rescue teams?
On arrival to a confined space rescue, what are your two goals to assist rescue teams?
What is the rate of mortality among would-be rescuers?
What is the rate of mortality among would-be rescuers?
A vertical shaft where the elevator car travels is called the ________.
A vertical shaft where the elevator car travels is called the ________.
When you have downed wires, you should establish what?
When you have downed wires, you should establish what?
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Study Notes
Fire Department History
- First fully paid fire department established in Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Chicago fire on October 8, 1871, is regarded as the worst urban fire in U.S. history.
Standardization and Reports
- Baltimore fire in 1904 led to the standardization of hose couplings due to compatibility issues.
- "America Burning," a report from 1973, highlighted urgent fire safety issues in the United States.
Accountability in Emergency Situations
- The Passport system aids in tracking personnel within hazard zones.
- Accountability Tracking Board used to collect tracking passports.
Fire Dynamics
- Combustion: rapid oxidation process producing heat and light.
- Oxidation: formation of a chemical bond between oxygen and other elements.
- Pyrolysis: thermal decomposition of substances due to heat.
- Vaporization: conversion of liquid to gas under heat.
- Specific Gravity: weight comparison of a liquid volume to water.
- Fire Point: temperature with sufficient vapors for continuous combustion.
- Ignition temperature: minimum fuel heating required for combustion.
Fire Behavior and Construction Types
- Flow Path: area allowing heat and smoke movement towards lower pressure points.
- Different construction types include:
- Type I: Fire-resistant materials.
- Type II: Noncombustible metal buildings.
- Type III: Noncombustible or limited combustible exterior walls.
- Type IV: Heavy timber materials used for construction.
- Type V: Wood-frame structures in residential buildings.
Hose Management and Operations
- Hose Clamp: used to control water flow and manage hose damage.
- Dutchman: a fold in the hose to adjust coupling position.
- Water Hammer: pressure change caused by sudden water flow stoppage.
- Reverse Lay: pulling hose from fire apparatus to hydrant.
Testing Fire Hose
- New hose tested at 600 psi for 5 minutes in 100-foot lengths.
- Used hose tested at 300 psi for 3 minutes in 300-foot lengths.
Fire Stream Classification
- Small stream: 39 GPM or less.
- Hand stream: 40 to 349 GPM.
- Master stream: 350 GPM or more.
Firefighting Techniques
- Foam hazards controlled via smothering, separation, cooling, and penetrating methods.
- Class A foams: low application rates (0.1-1.0) with high water content (99-99.9%).
Personnel Safety Systems
- PASS: Personal Alert Safety System for firefighter safety.
- IDLH: Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health environments.
- SCBA air supply must be hydrostatically tested every 5 years.
Response Protocols
- Life safety, incident stabilization, and property conservation are primary tactical priorities.
- Confirmed rescue: clear indication of victims inside a structure.
- Possible rescue: imminent life-threatening situation assessed by the incident commander.
Search and Rescue Techniques
- Search rope: 200 feet long with knots every 25 feet and a directional knot at 18 inches.
- Post-primary search declaration: "All clear on the primary."
- Secondary search must be conducted by different personnel.
Ladder Safety and Operations
- Ladder requirements for truck and engine companies include various types and lengths for different applications.
- Maintain a safe distance of 10 ft from electrical lines when raising ladders.
Smoke and Ventilation
- Key attributes of smoke: volume, velocity, density, and color.
- Positive-pressure ventilation: creates a higher internal pressure to assist in smoke removal.
Rescue Operations and Hazard Management
- Minimum breaking strength for general-use rope: 9,000 lbs; safe working load limit: 600 lbs.
- Shock loads result from rapid changes in movement; the impact/shock load is a related hazard.
Trench and Excavation Safety
- Rescuers should avoid unshored trenches deeper than 5 ft.
- Maintain a distance of 2 ft for spoil piles from trench edges.
Environmental and Operational Conditions
- Oxygen-rich atmosphere indicated by levels over 23.5%, increasing fire ignition potential.
- Safety perimeter of one span established around downed wires.
Equipment Usage
- Class III harness rated for loads up to 600 lbs.
- Techniques like bights, loops, and round turns are essential for rope handling.
This summary condenses critical concepts and practices in fire department operations, safety measures, and equipment handling into actionable knowledge points for efficient recall and study.
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