Podcast
Questions and Answers
What must be included in a standpipe kit to effectively operate the outlet valve?
What must be included in a standpipe kit to effectively operate the outlet valve?
- A 14-18 inch pipe wrench (correct)
- Spanner wrench (correct)
- Plastic door chocks
- Silencer for hoses
Which item is NOT essential for advancing a line through a door during a standpipe operation?
Which item is NOT essential for advancing a line through a door during a standpipe operation?
- Wooden door chocks
- Fire hose nozzle (correct)
- Aluminum wrench
- Door-latch search markers
What is the primary purpose of a door-latch search marker during a fire operation?
What is the primary purpose of a door-latch search marker during a fire operation?
- To indicate a hazardous environment
- To mark an area that has been searched (correct)
- To hold the door open
- To provide a physical barrier
Why is it important to carry a spare handwheel in a standpipe kit?
Why is it important to carry a spare handwheel in a standpipe kit?
What aspect of search efforts is emphasized to ensure efficiency during a standpipe operation?
What aspect of search efforts is emphasized to ensure efficiency during a standpipe operation?
What is the primary reason for connecting the hoseline to the standpipe outlet on the floor below the fire?
What is the primary reason for connecting the hoseline to the standpipe outlet on the floor below the fire?
What is a significant drawback of connecting hose on the floor below the fire?
What is a significant drawback of connecting hose on the floor below the fire?
Why is it advised against hooking up to the standpipe on the fire floor if the outlet is outside the stairwell?
Why is it advised against hooking up to the standpipe on the fire floor if the outlet is outside the stairwell?
What condition necessitates the use of five or more lengths of hose according to NFPA 14 revisions?
What condition necessitates the use of five or more lengths of hose according to NFPA 14 revisions?
What happens when a firefighting crew retreats during a fire incident?
What happens when a firefighting crew retreats during a fire incident?
What should firefighters prioritize when assembling for a standpipe operation?
What should firefighters prioritize when assembling for a standpipe operation?
What critical safety lesson was learned from incidents reported in the content?
What critical safety lesson was learned from incidents reported in the content?
What is the benefit of flaking spare hose out on the floor below the fire?
What is the benefit of flaking spare hose out on the floor below the fire?
What is a primary consequence of using lightweight 1/2-in hose with plastic fog nozzles in fire departments?
What is a primary consequence of using lightweight 1/2-in hose with plastic fog nozzles in fire departments?
According to NFPA 14 standards, what was the maximum pressure allowed at a 2½-in outlet before 1993?
According to NFPA 14 standards, what was the maximum pressure allowed at a 2½-in outlet before 1993?
What must be considered when deciding to use 1½- or 1¾-in hoses with fog nozzles for firefighting?
What must be considered when deciding to use 1½- or 1¾-in hoses with fog nozzles for firefighting?
What is the critical pressure required at the outlet to operate the 1½- or 1¾-in streams under certain conditions?
What is the critical pressure required at the outlet to operate the 1½- or 1¾-in streams under certain conditions?
After 1993, what was the new maximum allowable pressure for 2½-in outlets set by NFPA?
After 1993, what was the new maximum allowable pressure for 2½-in outlets set by NFPA?
What is a significant issue with the minimum pressure of 100 psi at 2½-in outlets according to NFPA 14?
What is a significant issue with the minimum pressure of 100 psi at 2½-in outlets according to NFPA 14?
What happens when the required nozzle pressure exceeds the available 50 psi of a solid-tip nozzle?
What happens when the required nozzle pressure exceeds the available 50 psi of a solid-tip nozzle?
Why is it stated that planning for maximum pressure is considered foolhardy?
Why is it stated that planning for maximum pressure is considered foolhardy?
What is a factor contributing to the pressure problem even in the newest buildings?
What is a factor contributing to the pressure problem even in the newest buildings?
What pressure is required to flow 250 gpm through four lengths of 2½-in. hose?
What pressure is required to flow 250 gpm through four lengths of 2½-in. hose?
What is the primary objective when additional personnel arrive at a fire scene?
What is the primary objective when additional personnel arrive at a fire scene?
Why should each siamese connection ideally be fed by a separate pumper?
Why should each siamese connection ideally be fed by a separate pumper?
What is a crucial consideration when connecting hoses to siamese connections?
What is a crucial consideration when connecting hoses to siamese connections?
What might necessitate bypassing a siamese connection?
What might necessitate bypassing a siamese connection?
What is the importance of searching all stairways serving the fire floor?
What is the importance of searching all stairways serving the fire floor?
When connecting a 2½-in. siamese connection to a hose outlet, what should be considered?
When connecting a 2½-in. siamese connection to a hose outlet, what should be considered?
What should be done if the initial water supply to the standpipe is inadequate?
What should be done if the initial water supply to the standpipe is inadequate?
What is a significant danger of using elevators during a fire situation?
What is a significant danger of using elevators during a fire situation?
How does the design of standpipe systems benefit firefighting operations?
How does the design of standpipe systems benefit firefighting operations?
Which is not a requirement for fire hose systems?
Which is not a requirement for fire hose systems?
What is a critical factor influencing the success of a fire attack?
What is a critical factor influencing the success of a fire attack?
Which aspect of the fire hose system is directly affected by the historical design of the system?
Which aspect of the fire hose system is directly affected by the historical design of the system?
What might lead to insufficient performance in a fire hose system?
What might lead to insufficient performance in a fire hose system?
Which of the following statements is true regarding fire hose requirements?
Which of the following statements is true regarding fire hose requirements?
What is the starting discharge pressure for standpipe system operations at a high-rise building with 15 stories?
What is the starting discharge pressure for standpipe system operations at a high-rise building with 15 stories?
If using a fog nozzle at a high-rise with 25 stories, what is the appropriate starting discharge pressure?
If using a fog nozzle at a high-rise with 25 stories, what is the appropriate starting discharge pressure?
What would be the pressure required for a solid-tip nozzle on the 45th floor of a high-rise?
What would be the pressure required for a solid-tip nozzle on the 45th floor of a high-rise?
What pressure increase is necessary for each additional 10 stories when using a fog nozzle?
What pressure increase is necessary for each additional 10 stories when using a fog nozzle?
Which condition indicates that there is little or no flow in the system?
Which condition indicates that there is little or no flow in the system?
What is the friction loss for 134-in. hose at a flow of 180 gpm?
What is the friction loss for 134-in. hose at a flow of 180 gpm?
In what situation should a pump operator increase the starting discharge pressure?
In what situation should a pump operator increase the starting discharge pressure?
What is the effect on discharge pressure when the discharge gate is closed and no water is flowing?
What is the effect on discharge pressure when the discharge gate is closed and no water is flowing?
What is the primary reason for selecting the nearest standpipe to the fire?
What is the primary reason for selecting the nearest standpipe to the fire?
Which floor layout characteristic aids fire crews in zero visibility situations?
Which floor layout characteristic aids fire crews in zero visibility situations?
Why is it advised to select a stairway far from the fire as an evacuation route?
Why is it advised to select a stairway far from the fire as an evacuation route?
The chimney effect refers to what aspect of stairway usage during a fire?
The chimney effect refers to what aspect of stairway usage during a fire?
What can be particularly useful sources of information for the attack crew when preparing for an operation?
What can be particularly useful sources of information for the attack crew when preparing for an operation?
In the context of fire fighting, the term 'economy' often refers to which aspect?
In the context of fire fighting, the term 'economy' often refers to which aspect?
What is a disadvantage of blocking open the stairway door after advancing a hoseline?
What is a disadvantage of blocking open the stairway door after advancing a hoseline?
What should be taken into consideration when selecting between multiple standpipe risers?
What should be taken into consideration when selecting between multiple standpipe risers?
Why is conducting a survey of the floor below before entering critical during a fire suppression operation?
Why is conducting a survey of the floor below before entering critical during a fire suppression operation?
What is NOT a typical characteristic of multistory residential building designs?
What is NOT a typical characteristic of multistory residential building designs?
Which piece of equipment is emphasized as extremely valuable for controlling developing fires before a hoseline is prepared?
Which piece of equipment is emphasized as extremely valuable for controlling developing fires before a hoseline is prepared?
What is the minimum number of firefighters allowed on a team according to OSHA standards?
What is the minimum number of firefighters allowed on a team according to OSHA standards?
When the fire is on the seventh floor or below, what is the recommended method for the attack team to reach the fire?
When the fire is on the seventh floor or below, what is the recommended method for the attack team to reach the fire?
What should the team members do once they reach the floor below the fire?
What should the team members do once they reach the floor below the fire?
Which of the following is NOT one of the items needed on the fire floor?
Which of the following is NOT one of the items needed on the fire floor?
What action should the attack team take after locating the fire and the best route to it?
What action should the attack team take after locating the fire and the best route to it?
Which of the following tools is recommended for venting windows during an operation?
Which of the following tools is recommended for venting windows during an operation?
In what situation may team members consider using the elevator during their response to a fire?
In what situation may team members consider using the elevator during their response to a fire?
What is the primary reason for an attack crew to locate the riser closest to the fire?
What is the primary reason for an attack crew to locate the riser closest to the fire?
What modification was made to the New York City code concerning hose stream reach after 1993?
What modification was made to the New York City code concerning hose stream reach after 1993?
Why is a 30-ft reach considered optimistic when assessing fire conditions?
Why is a 30-ft reach considered optimistic when assessing fire conditions?
What must be verified before committing a hoseline to an attack?
What must be verified before committing a hoseline to an attack?
In multiriser buildings, what is a key consideration for the placement of standpipe systems?
In multiriser buildings, what is a key consideration for the placement of standpipe systems?
Which piece of equipment is NOT mentioned as essential for the attack crew?
Which piece of equipment is NOT mentioned as essential for the attack crew?
What type of hose length was primarily utilized by the FDNY for operations?
What type of hose length was primarily utilized by the FDNY for operations?
What limitation on the fire hose reach was defined by NFPA prior to 1993?
What limitation on the fire hose reach was defined by NFPA prior to 1993?
When advancing towards the fire, which staircase is preferred for the attack crew?
When advancing towards the fire, which staircase is preferred for the attack crew?
What does the NFPA state about the arrangement of standpipes and hose lengths?
What does the NFPA state about the arrangement of standpipes and hose lengths?
Flashcards
Standpipe usage preference
Standpipe usage preference
Standpipes are preferred for floors above the second floor due to less friction loss and needed hose length.
Hose length check
Hose length check
Confirm hose length sufficiency from standpipe to fire, before advancing.
Multistory standpipes
Multistory standpipes
Multistory buildings have multiple standpipe risers per floor for quick access.
NFPA standpipe access
NFPA standpipe access
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NYC standpipe rule change
NYC standpipe rule change
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Riser selection method
Riser selection method
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Stairway hazards
Stairway hazards
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Pre-floor survey
Pre-floor survey
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Doorway chimney effect
Doorway chimney effect
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Hoseline connection location
Hoseline connection location
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Essential firefighting tools
Essential firefighting tools
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Preferred hose size
Preferred hose size
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Standpipe kit contents
Standpipe kit contents
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High-rise fire team direction
High-rise fire team direction
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High-rise operation tools
High-rise operation tools
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First hoseline importance
First hoseline importance
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Siamese Connections
Siamese Connections
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Optimal Siamese hose
Optimal Siamese hose
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Emergency Siamese method
Emergency Siamese method
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High-rise discharge pressure
High-rise discharge pressure
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Nozzle pressure calculation
Nozzle pressure calculation
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Friction loss 1¾-inch hose
Friction loss 1¾-inch hose
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Friction loss 2½-inch hose
Friction loss 2½-inch hose
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Optimal pump operation
Optimal pump operation
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Pump operator monitoring
Pump operator monitoring
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Hydrant static pressure observation
Hydrant static pressure observation
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Study Notes
Selecting the Standpipe and Attack Stair
- Standpipe usage is preferred on floors above the second due to reduced friction loss and necessary hose length.
- Before advancing a hoseline, confirm the fire's location and the hose length's sufficiency from the standpipe to the fire.
- In multistory buildings, each floor typically has multiple standpipe risers to ensure access within a set distance.
- Historically, NFPA stipulated access within 30 feet of a standpipe outlet; this has been increased in later revisions.
- In New York City, recent codes require access within 25 feet of a 125-foot hose stream, addressing common low pressure issues.
Choosing the Appropriate Standpipe Riser
- When choosing a riser, select the nearest one, balancing speed and safety to avoid being pulled into heated or smoky areas.
- Smoke and heat typically force stairways to become hazardous during a fire; the riser chosen must allow for safe advancement of the hoseline.
- A survey of the lower floor will provide crucial insight into building layouts and allow for a safer attack plan in zero visibility.
- Maintain awareness of the stairway environment; advancing through opening doors can create chimney effects that hinder evacuation.
Standpipe Connection Protocol
- Connecting hoselines should ideally be done below the fire floor to ensure visibility and safety when preparing to advance.
- Equipment must include sufficient hose lengths and essential firefighting tools assembled for rapid deployment.
- Prioritize the use of 2½-inch hoses for effective fire suppression; smaller hoses may lead to inadequate pressure and delivery issues.
Essential Standpipe Kit Components
- A standpipe kit should contain a spanner wrench, hose thread adapters, pipe wrenches, wooden door chocks, and door-latch search markers.
- At least three lengths of 2½-inch hose and low-pressure nozzles are necessary for effective operations.
- Ensure all members are equipped with tools to avoid delays in operations and enhance search efforts within buildings.
Operational Guidelines for High-Rise Fires
- The attack team must always proceed to the floor below the fire. Avoid elevators unless necessary during high-rise operations.
- Forcible entry tools and portable radios are critical for communication and size-up assessments on the fire floor.
- Personnel should work swiftly to get the first hoseline operational to mitigate fire spread and facilitate rescue operations.
Siamese Connections and Supply Protocols
- Use separate pumpers for each Siamese connection in buildings with multiple standpipe systems.
- Employ the largest diameter supply hose to ensure maximum water delivery; smaller hoses may restrict flow.
- In emergencies (e.g., frozen Siamese connections), revert to auxiliary inlets from lower hose outlet valves.
Pump Pressures for High-Rise Operations
- Discharge pressures increase with fire floor height: 150 psi for floors 1-10, escalating to 400 psi for floors 41-50.
- Add 50 psi for each additional 10 stories when calculating pressures for solid and fog nozzle operation.
Conclusion
- A comprehensive understanding of standpipe operations, including equipment requisites and strategic deployment, significantly improves fire response effectiveness, directly impacting occupant survival and property preservation.### Nozzle Pressure and Friction Loss
- Suitable nozzle pressure accounts for friction loss through multiple components: three lengths of 2½-inch hose, the standpipe, and 100 feet of 3-inch supply hose.
- Smaller diameter hoses (1½-inch, 1¾-inch, or 2-inch) generally produce higher friction losses compared to 2½-inch hoses, requiring higher starting figures for nozzle pressure.
- Specific friction losses include:
- 1¾-inch hose at 180 gallons per minute (gpm) incurs a 20 psi loss per 100 feet.
- 2½-inch hose at 250 gpm incurs a 12.5 psi loss per 100 feet.
Pump Operation and Monitoring
- Good starting discharge pressure indicates that the pump is functioning with minimal or no flow, preventing overheating.
- The pump operator should monitor intake and discharge gauges to detect flow conditions.
- Observing the static pressure of the hydrant prior to discharge can provide insights into water supply volume.
- A significant drop in intake pressure signifies substantial flow, while no change indicates minimal or no flow.
- The relationship between closing the discharge gate and the discharge pressure can confirm flow status; a lack of pressure increase upon closing suggests negligible water flow.
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