Ch. 8 Safety and Risk Management

Introduction to Safety and Risk Management

• Programs require integrated components like regulations, standards, procedures, personnel, training, and equipment.
• Reducing injuries and deaths requires dedicated efforts from everyone.
• A safety program integrating regulations, standards, procedures, personnel, training, and equipment is essential.

Fire Officer's Role in Risk Management

• Risk management involves planning, organizing, directing, and controlling resources to minimize detrimental effects.
• Actions include identifying and analyzing exposures, formulating, selecting, implementing and monitoring solutions
• Fire officers play a key role in risk management within the community, fire department, and during emergency response operations.

Community Fire Risk Management

• Manages community fire risks, provide risk management services, and maintain departmental readiness.
• Risk management services include providing measurements.
• Methods of managing risks include administrative guidelines, engineering for hazard removal via systems, and personnel protection through equipment, clothing, and devices.
• Fire Chiefs manage community fire risks, provide risk management services, and maintain departmental readiness
• Methods of managing risks include administrative guidelines, engineering for hazard removal, and personnel protection through equipment.

Five Principal Risk Management Steps

• A working supervisor’s experience and access enables risk evaluation and control establishment.
• Identify risk exposure by identifying elements and using comparisons.
• Evaluate risk exposure by determining likelihood and consequences, considering local and national experiences
• Likelihood determines the chance of injury or loss, and resulting consequences.
• Rank and prioritize risks based on the probability of occurrence and probable outcomes, focusing on high-frequency events with catastrophic potential
• Implement control actions, considering administrative, engineering, and personal protection
• Taking action to mitigate risk means considering all controls, and remembering budget allocation times/delays
• Interim steps may be needed
• Evaluate and revise, including monitoring progress and checking for unintended problems
• Step 1: Identify risk exposure, using NFPA and OSHA reports, benchmarking with similar departments
• Step 2: Evaluate risk exposure by determining likelihood and consequences, considering local and national experiences
• Step 3: Rank and prioritize risks based on the probability of occurrence and probable outcomes, focusing on high-frequency events with catastrophic potential
• Step 4: Implement control actions, considering administrative, engineering, and personal protection
• Step 5: Evaluate and revise, including monitoring progress and checking for unintended problems

Fire Fighter Injury and Death Trends

• Firefighters must be fully prepared for safe work in high-risk scenarios.
• NFPA's 2017 report highlights strains/sprains (48%), wounds (15%), inhalation (7%), thermal stress (5%) during fire-ground operations.
• The 2018 fatality report shows ~26 fireground fatalities per year since 2007, improving from over 80 per year in the 1970s.
• 2017 LODDs: sudden cardiac death (39%), internal trauma/crushing (36%), asphyxia (9%), other (8%), burns (5%), and unspecified medical (3%)
• Prevention depends on halting any event cascade toward serious injury or death
• The number of injuries per 1000 fires decreased from 26.9 in 2006 to 18.6 in 2017.

Everyone Goes Home Program

• The NFFF developed Everyone Goes Home program to prevent LODDs and injuries.
• A 2004 summit led to 16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives intended to Improve safety practices and raise awareness of life-safety issues contributing to safer practices.
• Culture change involves leaders leading with a safety mindset; it involves leadership, management, supervision, accountability, and personal responsibility.
• A countability efforts should improve or enhance health and safety
• The 2007 summit made recommendations about always working in teams, accountability, IAPs under IC direction, and chain of command.
• Best practices include adequate backup lines, rapid intervention crews, air monitoring and awareness of impending building collapse.
• Key additions include working in teams, FO accountability, operating under an incident action plan, reliable communications, backup lines, RIC, and monitoring low air alarms.
• Near building collapses should be monitored.
• These efforts have seen a trend of less than 70 LODDs from 2014-2018, a significant improvement from the average of 100 deaths from 2002-2008.

National Firefighter Near Miss Reporting System

• In 2005, the IAFC launched a confidential and nonpunitive web-based system to report near misses through the fireffighternearmiss.com website.
• This system reports situations that could have resulted in death or injury, based on close calls reported by pilots, air traffic control, and flight attendants since '76 on aviation safety reporting systems.
• The system is designed to report situations to help identify trends and track avoided incidents.
• System is modeled on the Aviation Safety Reporting System.

Reducing Deaths from Sudden Cardiac Arrest

• A disproportionate number of 49-year-old firefighters die of cardiac arrest on duty
• Fitness should be an essential function of any training program.
• Prevention includes medical exams, fitness, and lifestyle.
• Firefighters should have exams before responding to determine any risk factors, and look for indications of poor health.
• Lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking, lowering blood pressure, reducing cholesterol, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing diabetes
• Officers should advocate positive lifestyle changes to increase fire fighter safety.
• HABITS improve safety through physical fitness, seat belts, training, personal examples, and fire company integrity.
• NFPA 1583 and the IAFC/IAFF Wellness-Fitness Initiative (WFI) provide resources, focusing also ability tests and fitness certificate programs.
• Fitness is a personal and leadership priority.

Reducing Deaths from Suicide

• In 2018, 82 firefighters and 21 EMTs died by suicide
• Suicides should be compared to LODDs.
• Fire department is 3x prone to suicide in a single year.
• Suicide exceeds that of LODD.
• Suicide reduction occurs involving peer support programs with tools to assis FOs, stigma reduction, and encouraging supportive environments.
• In 2018, 82 firefighters and 21 EMTs died by suicide, compared to 64 LODDs.
• Fire departments are three times more likely to experience a suicide than a LODD in any given year
• Essential measures are behavioral health, share load, Helping Heroes courses, IAFF peer support, and IAFC 'Under the Helmet' programs

Reducing Deaths from Cancer

• Synthetic products leads to toxicity in fires.
• Cancer has become the leading cause of death among firefighters.
• Has a 9% higher risk of being diagnosed with cancer than the general US population
• The Firefighter Cancer Registry identifies occupational diseases and mortality after the fact.
• Full PPE, including SCBA, must be worn for entire incident due toxicity increase. Wear from salvage to overhaul.
• Entry-certified personnel need a second hood, gross decon, change clothes, and "shower within the hour" ASAP and Annual exams.
• PPE stays on the apparatus floor, never in the household.
• PPE should be decontaminated and not taken outside the apparatus floor to protect against toxic exposure.
• Decontaminate apparatus seats and SCBA, interior crew areas.
• Tobacco products of any variety should be avoided.
• Fire/chemical exposures must be fully documented.
• Ensure ensemble is cleaned and repaired by focusing the person who actually uses protective ensemble per NFPA 1851
• Increase in toxicity of modern fires: cancer is now the leading cause of death among firefighters.
• FF's have a 9% higher risk.
• The Firefighter Cancer Registry was established in 2018.
• Full PPE, including SCBA, must be worn for entire incident.
• Entry-certified personnel need a second hood, gross decon, change ASAP and Annual exams.
• PPE should be decontaminated and not taken outside the apparatus floor to protect against toxic exposure.
• Tobacco products of any variety should be avoided.
• Fire/chemical exposures must be fully documented.
• Ensure ensemble is cleaned and repaired by focusing the person who actually uses protective ensemble per NFPA 1851

Reducing Deaths from Motor Vehicle Collisions

• Maintain a sustained trend of low fatalities during responses (over five years).
• All motor vehicle collision deaths in 2018 involved volunteer departments, obey traffic laws, use seat belts, driving sober, and control speed.
• Apparatus should only be operated by trained personnel
• Establishing driver qualifications is crucial, given the significant risks from untrained drivers.
• An officer should have high expectations for training and performance, and enforce rules for emergency response.
• The officer is also responsible for ensuring the driver consistently follows rules of road.
• Driving is authorized with restrictions only when that increases safety.
• Stopping is directly related to weight of vehicle.
• Mandatory seat belt usage could prevent 3-6 firefighter deaths annually.
• Act in a responsible and pro change way, providing action to change rules.
• NFPA 1002 establishes driver qualifications and should be followed to the best of the FO qualifications.
• Implementing driver training is crucial, as untrained drivers pose significant risks.
• NFPA 1002 and NFPA 1500 establish driver qualifications.
• Each apparatus has different handling.
• Mandatory seat belt usage could prevent several fatalities annually.
• Sustained trend of low fatalities during responses, continuing over five years.
• In 2018, all deaths were among volunteer firefighters, mostly due to accidents, so obey traffic laws, use seat belts, drive sober, and control speed.
• Implementing driver training is crucial, as untrained drivers pose significant risks.
• NFPA 1002 and NFPA 1500 establish driver qualifications.
• Each apparatus has different handling.
• Mandatory seat belt usage could prevent several fatalities annually.

Reducing Deaths from Fire Suppression Operations

• Internal trauma and crushing is the leading non-cardiac cause of death
• Followed by: Asphyxia and burns
• All local policies and procedures should guide their actions.
• The officer must understand local policies and procedures that guide actions.
• In situations where an SOP does not exist, specific directives must be delivered, in a maintained plan.
• Ensure high level of supervision.
• FO must prepare for changing conditions, unanticipated incidents, and must know the location and function of team members.
• Maintaining crew integrity during fire suppression operations enhances safety, 82% involves a single fire fighter
• Most NIOSH deaths miss personnel, from lacking the IMS that includes accountability.
• Four root causes are Under-resourcing, Inadequate preparation, Incomplete adoption of procedures, and Suboptimal personnel readiness.
• Proper air management is vital for maintaining firefighter safety and effectiveness.
• Minimum team size remains at 2, all having certified PPE, SCBA, with 1 having radio if possible.
• SCBA's for safe air, the amount depends on person, or time length, or procedures/management to monitor
• Running out of air results in a possible IDLH event resulting in death.
• Low-pressure warning devices give an indication of air set points, but needs to be heeded and exited.
• Personnel should monitor levels on exit/entry as well, knowing air levels at all times.
• A strategic retreat has to occur from this if the air does go low.
• Minimum team size (2), and at least one ideally all with working radios.
• TIC utilization helps in navigation, victim/hazard locating, and escape routes.
• Investigate why thermal devices are not used when not deployed during operations.
• Following the 04-09 fatality investigations, the team need to know where everyone is.
• Internal trauma is the leading noncardiac cause of death, followed by asphyxia and burns.
• All Local policies and procedures should guide actions, otherwise, officers must determine course, supervise and prepare.
• Maintaining crew integrity during operations enhances safety, 82% involves a single fire fighter
• Most of NIOSH deaths lack an effective incident management system that includes accountability.
• Four root causes are Under-resourcing, Inadequate preparation, Incomplete adoption of procedures, and Suboptimal personnel readiness.
• Proper air management is vital for maintaining firefighter safety and effectiveness.
• SCBA's for safe air, the amount depends on person, or time length, or procedures/management to monitor
• Low-pressure warning devices only work if heeded.
• All teams should be a minimum of 2 inside, with PPE, SCBA, PASS, Radio, Thermal imaging device
• Using Thermal imagers helps navigate, locate victims or hazards, and helps find routes
• Investigate why thermal devices are not used.

Training Evolutions

• Competent training ensures effective performance and team operation.
• This will include what to look for during high-risk, time-pressure, and difficult scenarios.
• Is based on certification of the best individuals for skill level, knowing that the certification meets their needed requirements.
• Skills training anticipates risk, time or difficulty.
• Initial training leads to basic skill certifications, emphasizing the importance of ongoing education of basic skills.
• A trainee must perform both knowledge and skills to be certified.
• Supervised training includes preincident planning and familiarization, multi drills, in co-ordination within the fire station.
• Training involves proper planning (PIP) and familiarity of response zone.
• Regular refreshment is refreshing, reinforcing and updating related to the current trends.
• Conducting this as a group gives strong coordination as well as multi agency groups to be involved and coordinated.
• Competent training ensures effective performance and team operation.
• Skills training anticipates risk, time or difficulty.
• Initial training leads to basic skill certifications, emphasizing the importance of ongoing education of basic skills.
• A trainee must perform both knowledge and skills to be certified.
• Supervised training includes preincident planning and familiarization, multi drills, in co-ordination within the fire station.

Reducing Deaths during Training

• In 2018, training-related fatalities accounted for 46% of nonemergency firefighter deaths.
• Live Fire: Instructor training needs EMS/Rehab standby, and adequate planning with the best number of instructors.
• There are many factors in training to kill the person from not taking care during the operations.
• Many factors contributing during training include lack of training and equipment, proper plan, management with rehab standards.
• Instructors and personnel need to meet up and determine how they will take action to fix problems.
• Important to meet 1041 and train by it to the best and safe way possible.
• Factors contributing to training deaths include inadequate instructors, orientation, planning, incident management, and rehab.
• The safety standards outlined in NFPA 1041 as safety, CA secondary smoke need to be met.

Incident Safety Officer

• Designated individual at the emergency scene designated to follow NPFA 1521 safety
• This says qualifications.
• Functions as Incident Command member reporting directly to IC.
• AFO should know all of the FO qualifications.
• IC is responsible if no one assigned, all fire departments needs a SOP per 1500 and 1521.
• ISO is additional source, and doesn't wave all other officers/fire fighters responsible to operate safely.
• Every FO shared responsibility to act as an ISO in the scope of plans.
• Work in a team, and stay together, taking direction, and stay oriented from the rest of the team.
• Maintain air supply, and assess benefits as team or crew.
• Designated individual at emergency scene with duties specified in NFPA 1521
• Functions as Incident Command member reporting directly to IC.
• IC is responsible if no one assigned, all fire departments needs a SOP per 1500 and 1521.
• ISO is additional source, and doesn't wave all other officers/fire fighters responsible to operate safely.

Qualifications for Incident Safety Officers

• The minimum expectation for all safety officers that are going to act on the emergency as safety.
• Is FO department qualified ,certified FO that leads the best that can.
• Knowledge requirements include hazards, building construction, personnel accountability and scene rehab.
• Specialized knowledge is necessary for officers involved in water, extrication, confined, hazardous.
• SPLOPS needs an ISO with fire training and Hazmat Technician.
• Safety zones communicate where the zones are, hazards, and the zones need to be marked for safety.
• Check and inspect for any issues regarding rehab, and transmissions, traffic and to have a IC briefing.
• Safe monitoring needs to be done and to see.
• Some also have a designated safety specialist.
• ISO qualifications means all fire officers are expected to know basics, that is
• That the officer is FD qualified, certified Fire officer 1, and sector officer
• Knowledge requirements include hazards, building constrcution, personnel accountability and scene rehab
• Specialized knowledge is necessary for officers involved in water, extrication, confined, hazardous
• Some also have a designated safety specialist.

Assistant Incident Safety Officers

• Complex incidents may require multiple safety officers for effective oversight.
• Subdivides action and is rotated.
• They cover scene monitoring, the plans, managing risks, Interior or special operations under overall direction.
• Assistant officers manage distinct areas and functions under the lead safety officer.
• This can all be handled with relief rotation, communicating directly.

The ISO responsibilities during Incidents

• IAP will be described in briefings.
• All zones communicate, and stay maintained to that is best to the zone.
• Hot or warm safe action, with the best RIC available.
• Traffic control during egress and entry.
• All incident briefings include IAP to members
• All zones must be identified and marked/communicated to personnel on scene.
• Check hazards, collapse, weather and smoke hazards
• Accountability system or RIC being on use
• Evaluation of traffic hazards, clear entry and egress from structures, and effect on safety of members conducting interior operations

Incident Scene Rehabilitation

• Tactical rehabs level by that actions.
• Evaluation, treatment, and more, of mental rest.
• ISO monitors best and safe that is provided.
• This allows firefighters in actions and safety.
• ISO monitors this and does that with a easy view to determine best and not over reaching.
• The safety officer is responsible for managing effective rehabilitation processes post-incident which is tactial-level .
• Rehab has evaluation, treatment, monitoring, fluid/food, and mental rest.
• .ISO monitors climate ,firefighters exceeding physical limitations, and welfare/health.

Creating and Maintaining a Safe Work Environment

• Injury prevention is paramount; officers must model safe behavior to their teams.
• Department safety policies guide compliant practices and should be well understood by all members.
• Every incident is severe or can a disability, and so the FO is to set example ,so they know from him.
• Injury prevention is paramount; officers must model safe behavior to their teams.
• Department safety policies guide compliant practices and should be well understood by all members.

Safety Policies and Procedures

• Are always in action.
• It has to come from any type of work related, so its an accident.
• The most common used is to get the OK of what is in the policies.
• Most know the code from their officer, so you get full access ,but it is key to see
• There is also videos for the training, that gets shown of what to do and don't do.
• FO needs to know and make it the team knows, and to be in the look more often.
• All have them ,and regulations for accident ,and safety
• All firefighters must agree to document signing they know the content of policy from other officers.
• Video and media is a key policy to make sure a crew know what or not right to do.
• Some sources include IAFC, web sites, and videos.
• Regular reviews and discussions about safety policies enhance awareness and adherence.
• Fire officers needs to know the codes or policies, but should try and encourage the team.

Emergency Incident Injury Prevention

• Constant monitoring, setting best PPE,
• Best fit to make sure you have 1. Boots 2.Coat 3.Gloves With 1 and 2, being the correct best.
• There are different types of safe thing available, for the 1,2,3 and others.
• It has to be tested and on hand, so the person gets quick on the situation.
• And you the safety is on hand. 1.Escape 2.Wire Cutter.
• All the gear has to fallow BSI guidelines
• BSI equipment has to be BSI equipment and work to keep safe.
• And the PPE has to maintain the NEPA level as stated.
• All used in PPE and other equipment needs to be correct per NFPA 1974.
• And regular maintenance is always safe.
• Proper fitness/health is a key to reducing injuries and heart issues
• Strength and flexibility training is key
• Sprain or strain are leading injury
• Constant monitoring, setting the best PPE, all needed
• All gear can be used for calls, don't under estimate and think you don't need it.
• There should be personnel and equipment set, the items a regular part of routine
• All used in PPE and other equipment needs to be correct per NFPA 1974.

Fire Station Safety

• To have most of the time safe actions and safe equipment to a routine.
• Always watch and not under cut any steps that has come prior.
• Fire is in the stations. 1. Make sure all the steps from prior and clean,and always safe
• It is also key to a fast and a safe ,for gear.
  1. Follow all safe steps
• Safety hazards need to be addressed here.
• Keep your house ready for any accidents.
• With the best knowledge from prior, keep the area clean
• The stations is key, more so as we stated.
• To have proper safe equipment when needed.
• Clothing has to be clean and follow the right steps.
• Best cleaning process, and maintain safe with all.
• These need the best that there is and is used.
• Best and correct the issues at the door.
• Following with guidelines with proper cleaning.
• Keep and maintain best practices .
• Then can make those practices known.

Other tips All follows ,and the best most and all.

• These also is important, in your routines
• Should encourage and be proactively better in safe environment
• Is the full reponsiblity to keep a house safe in any events
• And need to maintain and identify and correct problems.

Additional Clothing Details

• Keep clean, not bring polluted, follow the guidelines.
• Always and fast go clean as possible
• Always and all never skip or mix. clothing.
• Make cleaning ,and inspection to standard.
• DO not wear protective and polluted clothes in house areas.
• Always clean as quick as possible and following the manufacture instruction
• Remember to never mixing or mixing clothing ,and doing all cleaning/inspection ,or replacement

The Need for Housekeeping in The Stations

• A high level best cleaning and to standards.
• Then cleaning you alert people of wet floor.
• Keep the areas clear of items, for not problems for injuries
• Following the safe best practices during fires.
• Fire and to the safe zones always
• Best extighsing and fire best practices is a plus
• Make safety codes are a go, and have the best actions to keep it is key.
• A clean area, reduces all and most accident
• Remember to use "wet floor" if the area is cleaning
• Prevent any tripping problems or hazard the workers might do
• If a fire hazard exsist such as food and storage, and all needs to work right with all extighsers and smoke detecters. Sprinklers are great to have

Proper LiftingTechniques

• Prevent back injuries at work, use the best and most and safe and be well.
• And keep you knee bent and do it slow ,if need to get help do and if it happens see the doctors
• To take and see the safe side that one can and keep it safe.
• Back can be very serious and cause alot of problem preventing you from a easy ending
• And learn the way correct do them, with knees in front of you, and a natural position.
• Remember and always take and keep all of you safe, and don't joke around during things

Infection Control

• When one is report and made know ,you need to fill and follow the steps
• The gear you need. 1.Safe, easy to use, and be follow right
• To stay safe ,easy and keep all and best actions
• All gear needs to be kept clean and not to stay with them.
• That best equipment and gear it can. Keep all code standards.
• All has best safe options that safe always with the safe.
• Every body needs follow, and always be sure your follow all guidelines in a way that safe for you
• Has all safety equipment and safe actions in every transport
• And is there on hand and made to not mixing in you daily items and routines.
• NFPA 1581, guides about all equipement ,faciities and protection

Infectious Disease

• Follow guidelines per codes when contacted or have been.
• Fill it, make safe the next part ,safe easy and a best.
• Take and always the need to follow with quick and fast and accurate.
• Every part you follow for exposure, you report in NFPA 1581
• That a firefighter has for all contacts
• With a infectious or contagious disease, and should report to all
• Remember all contacts is you private records

Accident Investigation

• All things for any, need, and a best contact.

And from a accident.

• To all people what is the cause. -Make the fire officers will. 1.Safe fire and test . 12.The safety member, they call.

And to all, get and to the safest results.

• A safety member in your fire can test for some issues
• Such Injuries
  • Illnesses
  • Exposures
  • Fatalities
• The officer will also check equipment and make sure the other local fire officers

Accident Documentation

• To get with a member and to what happen.
• Make a team and fill the what is done and all that to a team to make a result 1.Has to fallow . 2. Fill the guide from the state 3. Then a member gets with the people what they go.
• Should determine all ,that make and effect that
• Fire fighters must have local state and other that the chief need done
• With the facts in the accidents done, and the officer will conduct to make it easier

Postincident Analysis

• As with wellness and has to have safe gear and all for the team, the best and to continue the effort.
• Safety and the well to be in the future, always be prepared.
• Iso is to provide a written report on issues for health, and wellness in you unit
• With PASS ,RIC,Rehab any used personnel and all PPE on your health from all incidents

Fire Officer Conclusion

• As to be aware of what and what not, and to act or step if possible to make safe.

Definitions

• 1. The way to work ,to the people ,to best and to well.
• To a hazard to be able, and the key ,from any area
• Follow and to the safe actions, to the most key.
• Where you need from to to a place.
• The main and to lead for monitor.
• The need of the people what to get to be and be treated
• How best it can be to a point.
• How to run is always .

Summary

• Risk management is a critical organizational process to mitigate hazards associated with firefighting.
• Fire officers manage community fire risk, provide service, and departmental readiness
• Risk management includes managing administrative guidelines, engineering for hazard removal, and personnel protection
• Risk management requires identifying risk exposure, evaluating risk, ranking risks, and implementing control actions.
• Continuous monitoring and adherence to safety practices are essential for reducing line-of-duty fatalities.
• Focus is on identifying, and evaluating risk, and implementation actions, so to be in a safer setting ,so people feel great
• There are continuous monitoring and safe action that are taken for account
• In 2005 ,There were many websites and groups that provided guidance, to help people learn the importance on the problems.
• A high amount of career ending can be suicide and cardiac arrest
• Fire fighters must protect themselves to prevent those deaths from occurring.
• The ISO provides, safe and reliable air, from SCBA while doing this, and a constant team member count. Also thermal and PPE is a basic need, for personnel.
• Many agencies and web and sites exist to continue growing to prevent that from happening ,and taking better action in preventition