214 Questions
What is the primary responsibility of a Standby Man during hot work?
Monitoring the work area for any fire hazards
In what type of work area is a Fire Watch duty usually performed?
Areas with limited entry and exit points
When is it required to wear permanent breathing apparatus in a confined space?
In Confined space category A
What is considered as Confined space Entry?
Passing through an opening into a confined space
Which of the following equipment entries is described as the entry of an internal combustion engine vehicle or equipment in a classified hazardous area?
Vehicle / Equipment Entry
What characterizes a Confined space category B?
No hazardous substances present or made safe during work
Which area is not considered a confined space according to the text?
Open air spaces
What is the defining characteristic of a Confined space?
Limited entry and exit points
What does an oxygen-rich atmosphere do to the range of flammability?
Increases it
What is the purpose of a retrieval line in a confined space?
Rescue in case of emergency
In a confined space entry, what happens when a person's feet or head passes the outside limits?
They enter the confined space
What is the primary use of a lifeline in a dangerous situation like a confined space?
Maintaining contact with a person
How does an oxygen-enriched atmosphere affect the ignition energy?
Lowers it
What is the purpose of conducting a face-to-face discussion in confined space work?
Ensure understanding of Scope of Work
For what purpose should a stand-by man be present in confined space entry?
To rescue personnel in case of emergency
What is the function of a rescue plan in confined space work?
Rescue persons from the Confined Space regardless of Confined Space category.
What should be done during a site joint visit in confined space work?
Identify hazards of the work and agree on hazard mitigation.
Who is responsible for performing stand-by duties during specific activities?
Standby Man
Which type of work is defined as any work capable of supplying a source of ignition energy for igniting flammable mixtures or combustible materials?
Hot Work
What does JSA stand for in the context of job safety analysis?
Job Safety Analysis
Who is considered a competent person in executing a specific task and leading a team?
Craftsman
In the context of hazardous areas, what does a Safe Maker refer to?
A person designated for safe making and holding a valid authorization card
What type of work does not create enough heat or sparks to ignite flammable gas-air mixtures or materials?
Cold Work
Which type of work hazard does Job Safety Analysis aim to control or eliminate?
All types of hazards associated with each job step
What is the main purpose of having a Standby Man during specific activities?
To immediately handle minor emergency situations or alert for immediate response
What is a key responsibility of a craftsman in a confined space entry?
Ensuring gas tests are conducted frequently
What action should a standby/fire watch personnel take when an emergency siren is activated?
Activate the nearest Manual Call Point
What is the Permit Issuer's responsibility regarding work permit signatories?
Verify authorization of required signatories and issue the work permit.
In a confined space entry, when should the craftsman alert the Standby man?
When there is a change in hazardous conditions
What action should the Permit Issuer take if the number of permits issued is out of control?
Stop issuing additional permits and ask for support.
What is a core responsibility of a Standby/Fire Watch personnel according to the text?
Activate nearest Manual Call Point during emergencies
What is a key requirement for the Permit Receiver in relation to obtaining a work permit?
Personally apply for the permit.
Which control measure should be implemented if changes occur that directly jeopardize safety during work?
Cancel the work permit and issue a new one.
What information should a craftsman be familiar with according to the text?
Escape routes and Emergency assembly point
What is a crucial step for a craftsman according to the text?
Reporting any defect in equipment to the permit issuer
What is the primary responsibility of the Permit Issuer when Task execution is completed?
Ensure work permit is closed out.
Which activity would the Permit Receiver NOT be responsible for?
Issuing additional permits when needed.
What action should a Craftsman take if Task execution cannot be continuously supervised?
Hand over proper supervision to another Craftsman
What is the correct course of action if the re-validation of a permit is not completed within one hour?
Cancel the permit
What responsibility does a permit receiver have when the validity of the permit expires or the task is completed for permit close out?
Return the field copy to the permit issuing office
What does a permit receiver need to ensure regarding personnel under their control before the start of a task specified on the work permit?
Ability to safely perform the task
What is a key requirement regarding tools and equipment that a permit receiver must fulfill as per work permit regulations?
Identify, inspect, and safeguard all relevant tools and equipment
In what scenario should a permit receiver withdraw personnel from the work site and return the work permit to the issuer?
When any change of conditions jeopardizes safety or health of personnel
What is one of the responsibilities of a Permit Receiver as indicated in the text?
Being familiar with the location of the tagged equipment
What is a critical requirement for a Permit Receiver when accepting handover of an activity?
Making sure the work permit can be performed safely
What is a key responsibility of a craftsman who also acts as a Permit Receiver as per the text?
Orienting personnel in associated hazards
In regard to Job Safety Analysis (JSA) review, what task should all craftsmen and contractors carrying out a task do as required by the Permit Receiver?
Implement required control measures from the JSA
What is a critical action that must be taken before closing out a permit as outlined in the text?
Ensuring that housekeeping is completed
When should a craftsman who may also be the Permit Receiver sign the work permit?
When accepting handover of activity
What responsibility does a standby man/fire watch have regarding permit conditions?
Communicate permit conditions to the replacement standby/fire watch
What is the correct action for a standby man/fire watch if they notice a detrimental change in conditions inside or outside a confined space?
Report the problem to the communication control center or control room
What is a critical requirement for a fire watch during hot work performed above ground level?
Ensuring sewer openings and floor openings are covered
When should a fire watch be familiar with the ECP according to the text?
In the event of a fire during hot work
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a standby man/fire watch during specific activities?
Leaving the post unattended when relieved by another qualified person
What should a standby man/fire watch do if work permit conditions are not met?
Immediately report that work permit conditions are not met
What is the primary responsibility of a permit receiver in confined space entry according to the text?
To complete the Confined Space Entry Log Sheet
Which control measure should be implemented to prevent unauthorized entry into a confined space?
Barricading or locking the entrance
During confined space work, what distinguishes a competent person according to the text?
Leading the team and executing specific tasks proficiently
Which of the following is a crucial aspect of Job Safety Analysis (JSA) review as per the text?
Identifying and controlling potential hazards in the work environment
What is a vital responsibility of the standby personnel during confined space entry according to the text?
Barricading and locking each entrance to the confined space
In the context of confined space work, what is an essential requirement for a standby man according to the text?
Being trained and certified by third-party organizations
Which task should a permit receiver ensure is carried out before any confined space entry?
Completing and signing the Confined Space Entry Log Sheet
What is a significant responsibility of a standby man during confined space work as highlighted in the text?
Being continuously present at each entrance that is not barricaded
What should be done by standby personnel after completion of hot work in confined spaces according to the text?
Check for equipment security and switch off all vehicles
What does a permit receiver need to ensure regarding the Confined Space Entry Log Sheet as per the text?
It should be completed before and after entry for each person.
What is a critical requirement for conducting rescue operations within Confined Spaces?
Carrying out a rescue drill before task execution
Which equipment inspection is mandatory for personnel provided by third parties to be used in Confined Spaces?
Checking energy isolation procedures
What should be posted on a sign board to highlight the presence of Nitrogen/Inert Gas Purge in a Confined Space?
"DANGER Nitrogen / Inert Gas Purge in Progress"
What is a mandatory requirement for preparing a Confined Space entry for category 'B'?
Installing rated blind/disconnecting line for positive isolation
Which statement accurately reflects a Confined Space hazard condition?
"Air shall be tested, and Ventilation shall be provided"
What is a key requirement for third-party rescuers when they are outsourced for Confined Space rescue operations?
Verifying the certification and qualifications of the rescuers
What should a person do to enter a Confined Space classified as 'DANGER CONFINED SPACE – ENTER BY PERMIT ONLY'?
"Obtain a permit before entry"
What is an important consideration for using air conditioners for ventilation instead of mechanical aspirators?
Ventilation capacity
In the case of an emergency or air conditioner shutdown during ventilation, what equipment should be kept ready according to the text?
Air movers
What is a critical difference in ventilating confined spaces based on the material being ventilated?
Type of material
What is the significance of having a positive means of ventilating confined spaces according to the text?
Ensuring consistent air supply
What aspect should a ventilation plan be prepared and approved based on?
IMRS standards
What is the maximum allowable concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in terms of PPM for confined spaces?
25%
What should be taken into consideration for routing exhaust air in ventilation strategies?
Air flow direction
Which type of ventilation method should NOT be used to ventilate confined spaces?
Using pure oxygen
For horizontal exchangers opened from both ends during confined space entry, is a ventilation plan required?
No
In confined spaces, what type of blower/fan is allowed for ventilation?
Electrically bonded and grounded blower/fan
What category are all confined spaces considered until tested and verified?
Category A
Why should nitrogen NOT be used to ventilate confined spaces?
It can lead to oxygen deficiency
What is the purpose of grounding air movers in confined spaces?
To prevent static electricity discharge
When should the manway and/or cover of a confined space be opened according to safety protocols?
After making the space safe to enter
What is the recommended course of action if a potential hazardous atmosphere arises inside a confined space during an entry operation?
Withdraw the permit immediately
What should personnel do before entering a confined space?
Have a rescue plan ready at hand
What is a critical requirement for opening an open manway or cover that is not in use?
It should be barricaded positively
What is the primary purpose of a cage when lifting material or a person from a confined space?
To ensure safe lifting and lowering operations
Why are Manways of 24 inches or less in the smallest dimension restricted for entry into confined spaces?
Because they are too small for a rescuer to simply enter the space while using SCBA or immobilize an injured worker normally
What challenges might rescuers face when accessing confined spaces through vertical portals?
All of the above
Why are Manways larger than 24 inches in the smallest dimension preferred for confined spaces?
To allow relatively free movement in and out of the confined space
What is a common challenge with accessing confined spaces through horizontal manways?
Difficulty in using retrieval lines
Why is knowledge of rope techniques or special patient packaging mentioned in the context of vertical portals?
To address potential challenges during rescue operations
How does the size of a Manway influence the ease of access and movement within confined spaces?
Larger Manways allow relatively free movement into and out of confined spaces
What must be considered when planning for a confined space entry involving internal configuration?
The presence of obstacles or obstructions inside the confined space
What type of rescue procedures are usually required for elevated confined spaces?
High angle rescue procedures
In what scenario does a confined space entry NOT typically involve elevated conditions?
When the entrance to the confined space is less than 4 feet above ground
What should be the focus when considering elevation in confined space entry planning?
The difficulty in packaging and transporting victims
Why is it important to take into account the size of a manway when preparing for a confined space entry?
To assess potential obstacles or challenges for rescuers
What aspect of a confined space might pose challenges for rescuers during emergency situations?
The configuration and layout of internal obstacles
What is a key requirement for protecting workers underneath elevated work from falling objects in confined spaces?
Using suitable temporary barriers as protection
In confined spaces, what is the primary purpose of having all electrical equipment properly insulated and grounded with GFCI connected?
To prevent electrical hazards and shocks
When scaffolding is needed in a confined space, what should be ensured regarding its placement?
It should not obstruct the entrance or exit
What additional safety measure should be taken when hot work is necessary inside confined spaces?
Implement adequate ventilation during hot work
In confined spaces, what must be done to ensure that equipment is prepared for hot work?
Follow the obtained hot work requirements
What should be provided as needed in confined spaces to collect oil spillage?
Splash pans for oil spillage
What is a specific requirement for preparing a rescue plan for Category A confined space entry?
Approved by Incident Commander
In confined space work, what equipment is required when an entrant is five feet or more below the entrance?
Hand-cranked mechanical winch and tripod
What is the consequence of not having the rescue plan attached with the confined space entry permit at the site?
Rescue cannot commence
What is the minimum requirement for the availability of rescue equipment in confined space work?
Readily and available
What is a critical step for preparing a rescue plan for Category B confined space entry?
Reviewed and approved by Incident Commander
In confined space work, what is a necessary provision for responding to an emergency in a timely and safe manner?
Explosion-proof lighting
What is the maximum allowable frequency between gas tests, as stated in the text?
2 hours
What precaution should be taken to avoid contamination while measuring enclosed locations?
Avoid condensation in the sample tube
In classified hazardous areas, what concentration of gas or vapor is considered safe before permitting hot work involving flames or sparks, based on the text?
5% of the LEL
What type of alarm should a portable or continuous gas monitoring device be equipped with for warning purposes, according to the text?
Audible alarm and visible light
What is the required response from workers when a gas detector alarm sounds, as per the text?
Evacuate to an open area immediately
When should a fresh gas test be carried out according to the text?
Before restarting hot work if the job is stopped for more than 30 minutes
What is the frequency of gas detector device functional tests for continuous gas testing as per the text?
At least during start of the operation each new shift
In what situation should gas testing be conducted or repeated according to the text?
Whenever there is a suspicion or request for it
What action is required before restarting hot work as outlined in the text?
Reviewing the last gas test results in the work permit
How frequently should gas test results be recorded in the Work Permit?
Every 2 hours
What is a crucial requirement for ensuring safety during hot work operations?
Removing all flammable materials within an 11m radius of the hot work area
Why should oxygen cylinder hoses and fittings not come into contact with oil or grease?
To reduce the chances of oil or grease catching fire
What range of oxygen concentration is considered safe for gas detectors to function properly?
(10 - 20.8 %)
Why should gas testing be conducted before entry into potentially hazardous atmospheres?
To ensure the safety of workers by avoiding exposure to hazardous substances
What is a critical step to take regarding gas cylinders when preparing for welding or cutting operations?
Chain and secure them upright in a cylinder trolley
What is the primary purpose of obtaining a hot work permit according to the text?
To conduct gas testing before commencing hot work
What is a key requirement for positive isolation before conducting hot work?
Installing rated blind or disconnecting the line
What is the initial test that should be performed before starting hot work in terms of gas?
A test for combustible gas levels
Why is purging and disconnecting instrument impulse tubes necessary before hot work?
To eliminate any flammable or combustible materials
What is the significance of continuous or periodic gas testing during hot work?
To ensure plant condition criteria are met
A trained and certified person in fire extinguisher training can perform fire watch duties during hot work.
False
Confined space category A requires the use of permanent breathing apparatus during the task execution.
True
Confined space category B may have hazardous substances present but they are manageable and do not require any safety gear.
False
Vehicle/Equipment Entry refers to the entry of any type of vehicle or equipment into a confined space.
False
The action of a person passing through an opening into a confined space is called Confined Space Exit.
False
A fire watch during hot work above ground level is not required to have knowledge of Emergency Control Procedures (ECP).
False
Cold work includes working on live electrical circuits.
False
Hot work can involve working on de-energized electrical equipment.
True
A Standby Man needs to be certified and designated on the permit by the Permit Issuer to perform stand-by duties during specific activities.
True
A Fire Watch personnel is mainly responsible for performing hot work tasks.
False
Hot work involves any work that does not create enough heat or sparks to ignite flammable materials.
False
Standby Man's responsibilities include immediate handling of minor emergency situations or alerting for immediate response.
True
A confined space entry occurs when any part of a person's body crosses the restricted boundary and enters the space.
False
An oxygen-rich atmosphere in a confined space expands the range of flammability and increases the ignition energy required for combustible materials to burn.
False
A lifeline and a retrieval line are two different terms used interchangeably to describe a safety line in confined spaces.
False
During confined space work, a face-to-face discussion between the issuer and receiver is not necessary to ensure understanding of the Scope of Work and any other conditions.
False
A rescue plan is only essential for Confined Space Category C entries, not for other categories of confined spaces.
False
A standby person does not need to be familiar with the Emergency Control Plan (ECP) according to the text.
False
In confined space work, positive isolation before conducting hot work is not a critical requirement according to the text.
False
Continuous or periodic gas testing during hot work is not significant and can be skipped if needed, based on the text.
False
A fire watch must leave the work location for 1 Hour after hot work is completed.
False
Standby Man needs to be trained and certified by a first-party organization.
False
The Standby Man must be continuously present at each barricaded entrance during confined space entry.
False
It is permissible to enter a confined space in the event of an emergency.
False
A Standby Man must personally enter the confined space to observe conditions inside.
False
Continuous gas testing during hot work is not significant and can be skipped if needed.
False
It is mandatory to wear permanent breathing apparatus in a confined space.
False
A lifeline in a confined space primarily serves the purpose of ventilation.
False
A craftsman who acts as a Permit Receiver has no responsibility towards personnel under their control.
False
Air conditioners are preferred over mechanical aspirators for ventilation in confined spaces due to faster cooling capabilities.
False
Flammable gases and vapors (LEL) should be above 5% in confined spaces.
False
Pure Oxygen is safe to use for ventilating confined spaces.
False
Nitrogen is recommended for ventilating confined spaces to ensure proper air quality.
False
Only electrically bonded and grounded fans and air movers are allowed to ventilate confined spaces.
True
All confined spaces are initially considered 'B' category until tested and verified as 'A' category.
False
Ventilation plan is always required for horizontal exchangers opened from both ends during confined space entry.
False
In Confined Spaces, it is not necessary to ensure certification and qualifications of the 3rd party rescuers when outsourced.
False
A confined space may be classified as 'DANGER Nitrogen / Inert Gas Purge in Progress' based on the sign board posting requirements.
True
Energy isolation is not a mandatory requirement for 'A' category confined space entry.
False
Air testing and ventilation provision are not essential steps before entering Confined Spaces.
False
The absence of dangerous chemical substances/liquid is only required for 'A' category confined spaces, not mandatory for 'B' category.
False
Posting a 'DANGER CONFINED SPACE – ENTER BY PERMIT ONLY' sign board is optional and not a crucial requirement for confined space safety.
False
In confined spaces, the capacity of the air conditioners can be used to determine the required ventilation rate.
True
Air Movers should not be kept ready in case of Air Conditioners shutdown or emergencies during ventilation in confined spaces.
False
Fresh air should not be drawn and exhaust air should not be routed for ventilation in confined spaces.
False
The ventilation plan for confined spaces does not need to be prepared and approved as per IMRS 13-02-01-23 Ventilation plan.
False
The type of material being ventilated from a space does not affect the ventilation rate required.
False
A positive means of ventilating confined space is not necessary while work is in progress.
False
Positioning mechanical aspirators is not a tip to be considered for ventilation in confined spaces.
False
Using air conditioners for ventilation in confined spaces eliminates the need for establishing a positive means of ventilation.
True
Hot work is permitted in confined spaces where there are other activities taking place that could increase flammable gas levels.
False
Contractors are responsible for providing fire extinguishers for hot work inside confined spaces.
False
TASNEE Fire extinguishers can be used by contractors for hot work inside confined spaces.
False
Compressed Gas cylinders and welding machines should be kept inside confined spaces during hot work.
False
Gas-burning or welding torches can be left inside confined spaces unattended during hot work.
False
The electrode holder should be left in a location where accidental contact can easily occur after stopping arc welding.
False
Atmosphere Testing is not required when welding takes place in confined spaces.
False
Hot work can continue even if the removal of torches from confined spaces is impractical.
False
Gas cylinders can remain in the operating area at the end of any work period when arc welding has been stopped.
False
Permanent breathing apparatus is required for all individuals working in close proximity to each other in confined spaces.
False
Using explosive power cartridges is considered a safe practice for hot work preparation.
False
Gas testing before hot work should only be done once at the beginning of the job.
False
Blocked valves, including double block and bleed arrangements, are acceptable for positive isolation before hot work.
False
Energy isolation forms are not necessary for hot work preparation.
False
A fresh gas test is only required after the hot work has been completed.
False
Gas detectors will function accurately beyond the oxygen concentration range of 10 - 20.8%.
False
Fresh air should be drawn and exhaust air should be routed for ventilation in confined spaces.
False
Continuous or periodic gas testing during hot work is not significant and can be skipped if needed.
False
Gas testing is not required for hot work in confined spaces.
False
Confined space category B may have hazardous substances present, but they are manageable and do not require any safety gear.
False
Portable gas detectors should not have audible alarms for warning purposes.
False
Confined space entry logsheets are not mandatory and can be omitted for category 'A' confined spaces.
False
Gas testing frequency should not exceed 2 hours between tests.
True
It is safe to conduct hot work before testing the atmosphere for gas concentrations.
False
Gas detectors do not need to be reset or concentrations return to a safe level after the alarm has sounded.
False
Gas test frequency should be clearly identified in the work permit.
True
Functional test for the Gas detector device needs to be carried out at least once a day.
False
Gas test result should be recorded in the Work Permit every 4 hours.
False
A fresh gas test is not required before restarting hot work if the job was stopped for less than one hour.
False
Gas testing should not be repeated if there is a doubt or request for it.
False
Study Notes
Work Permit Issuer's Responsibilities
- Ensure compliance with work permit method
- Display original copies of work permit and associated documents at designated area
- Verify authorization of required work permit signatories during issuing step
- Issue work permit after receiver signature and handover copy to Permit Receiver
- Conduct work area field check with incoming Safe Maker and have face-to-face discussion with other signatories prior to signing work permit
- Ensure work permit is closed out when task execution is completed, task scope of work is changed, or validity period expires
- Have full control over the number of permits issued for all permits in area
- Stop issuing additional permits and ask for support if the number of permits is too high and out of control
- Cancel work permit if changes occur which directly jeopardize safety of personnel or plant, affecting the environment
- Sign-off both copies of work permit on completion of work and keep original copy filed accordingly
Permit Receiver's Responsibilities
- Personally apply for permit
- Continuously supervise task execution while in progress
- Assign Craftsman with proper handover when task execution cannot be continuously supervised
- Cancel permit when re-validation has not been completed within one hour
- Return field copy to permit issuing office when permit validity expires or after completing task for permit close out
- Check and ensure that personnel under control can safely perform task specified on work permit
- Ensure all relevant tools and equipment has been identified, inspected, and safeguarded as per work permit requirements
- Ensure personnel under control understand, sign applicable Job Safety Analysis and/or work procedure for specific task prior to start of task
- Ensure asset to be worked on is positively identified on site to persons executing task
- Withdraw personnel from work site and ensure work permit is returned to permit issuer if change of conditions occur which could jeopardize safety and/or health of personnel on plant or have negative impact on environment
Craftsman's Responsibilities
- Ensure work can be performed safely under conditions as required on permit
- Be aware of location of tagged equipment
- Follow all hazards mitigation specified in work permit
- Ensure execution team is familiar with hazard identification and mitigation
- Brief team about emergency equipment
- Report incidents to permit issuer and receiver
- Ensure housekeeping is completed before permit is closed out
Standby Man's Responsibilities
- Present himself to permit issuer with authorization card before signing on work permit
- Examine work permit
- Be familiar with location, use of emergency equipment, and alarm buttons
- Immediately communicate when an emergency occurs
- Ensure emergency equipment required is available
- Familiarize himself and craftsmen with escape route, emergency assembly point, safe assembly area, and follow emergency control plan
- Monitor work permit requirements in terms of hazard mitigations are available as specified
- Ensure gas tests frequency been monitored
Confined Space Entry Requirements
- Developed rescue plan as per method (using rescue plan form) during job planning phase and before confined entry permit issuing
- Familiarize all execution team with approved rescue plan before starting activity
- Provision of rescue equipment shall be suitable and sufficient to respond to an emergency in a timely and safe manner
- Rescue equipment may include full body harness with retrieval line attached, hand-cranked mechanical winch and tripod, lifeline, explosion-proof lighting, breathing apparatus, and stretcher
Rescue Plan Preparation and Requirements
- If confined space entry category B, rescue plan shall be prepared prior to entry with obtained approval
- Rescue plan shall be countersigned by permit issuer, reviewed and approved by incident commander, and attached with confined space entry permit at site
- Minimum rescue equipment shall be readily and available
- If confined space entry category A, rescue plan shall be prepared prior to entry with obtained approval
- Rescue plan shall be countersigned by permit issuer, reviewed by incident commander, approved by incident commander, and attached with confined space entry permit at site
- Minimum rescue equipment shall be readily and available
Safe Access and Exits for Confined Space
- Manway and or cover shall not be opened until made safe to enter
- All open manway and or cover not in use must be positively barricaded
- Barricading tape is not allowed to be used for manway and or cover
- In all cases, adequate and safe access and exit out shall be provided for confined space
- Personnel should not be lowered into confined spaces without facilities to climb back out themselves
- Use of cage for lifting material/person in confined space shall be included in JSA
- Personnel shall not be underneath when material is lowered or removed from confined space through winch/rope, cage, basket, etc.
Condition Changes during Confined Space Entry Permit
- If confined space condition been interrupted due to potential toxic or respiratory hazardous atmosphere arise or any emergency that requires immediate departure from confined space
- Standby person shall notify concerned issuer as soon as possible
- Permit shall be withdrawn
- All entrants shall leave confined space immediately
- Permit issuer shall immediately cancel confined entry permit
- Confined space shall be evaluated to determine how hazardous atmosphere developed
- Control measures shall be implemented to eliminate hazardous atmosphere prior to any subsequent entry
Test your knowledge on fire watch, hot work areas, vehicle/equipment entry into hazardous areas, and confined spaces. Learn about important safety measures and protocols for working in hazardous environments.
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