CRM Chapter 1 + 2

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Questions and Answers

What was CRM first called when it was officially implemented at United Airlines in the late 70s?

TCR (teamwork, communication, responsibility)

CLR (command, leadership, resource management) (correct)

CMR (communication, management, responsibility)

LRC (leadership, resource, communication)

What is identified as the primary cause of firefighter fatalities?

Organizational shortcomings

Human issues (correct)

Lack of technical advancements

Inadequate safety programs

What do effective safety programs need to address in addition to technical and organizational aspects?

Behavioral/human side (correct)

Advanced equipment

Increased funding

Regulatory compliance

What is often a firefighter's savior when all other tools fail?

Gut feelings Signup and view all the answers

What is the Theory of Risk Homeostasis related to?

Acceptable risk levels Signup and view all the answers

Why is telling firefighters to 'be safe' problematic?

Firefighters have a high level of risk acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Crew Resource Management (CRM) in firefighting?

Optimizing crew interactions in high-stress situations Signup and view all the answers

Why do people sometimes dismiss new information in firefighting?

They do not fully understand it or disagree with it Signup and view all the answers

What did the Wildland Firefighter Safety Awareness Study aim to improve?

Organizational culture, leadership, human factors, and external influences Signup and view all the answers

What did the aviation industry associate with accidents?

Failures in command, communications, and crew coordination Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of the Tripod of Success?

Fire, Plan, People Signup and view all the answers

In what way does strengthening the 'People' leg of the Tripod of Success impact the 'Plan' leg?

It improves and strengthens the 'Plan' leg Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome when an unexpected event requiring high levels of interaction and teamwork occurs during firefighting operations?

The outcome could be negative or unsuccessful Signup and view all the answers

What does the Swiss Cheese model represent in terms of experience and error trapping?

Novice firefighters have larger holes in the cheese compared to experienced firefighters Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of 'holes' change in the Swiss Cheese model as firefighters gain experience?

Some 'holes' get smaller while others may get larger Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a safety program and a safety culture?

A safety program aims to make individuals aware of risks, while a safety culture grows from the roots of the organization Signup and view all the answers

What did Phase III of the Tri-Data study emphasize regarding the wildland firefighting environment?

The need for a safety culture due to pervasive cultural disregard for safety concerns Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes incidents from accidents?

The presence of injuries and higher costs in accidents Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of the current safety program mentality?

It does not provide employees with the tools to report unsafe activities Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of implementing human factors training in the commercial aviation industry?

A 70-80% drop in accidents and incidents Signup and view all the answers

In what type of organizations does Crew Resource Management (CRM) work effectively?

Functional organizations with technically proficient personnel Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as the biggest barrier to the implementation of a safety culture?

Power structure in the organization Signup and view all the answers

What does CRM aim to achieve in terms of error prevention?

Providing barriers to the proliferation of errors Signup and view all the answers

What tends to be the biggest impediment to the adoption of a safety culture in departments without such a culture?

Dissipation of pure authority from the leader Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step in creating a culture of safety?

Building trust among organization members Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for those who disregard safety in the aviation industry?

Rogue operators Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a perfect tool for meeting the goal of error avoidance, detection, and management in an organization?

Clear, honest debriefing of incidents Signup and view all the answers

Five important steps in creating a safety culture.

<ol> <li>= Organization must build trust among its members.</li> <li>= Organization must adopt a non-punitive policy toward error.</li> <li>= Organization must demonstrate a willingness to reduce error in the system.</li> <li>= Organization must provide training in error avoidance, detection, and management strategies for crews.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Origins of CRM

CRM was first called Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) when officially implemented at United Airlines in the late 1970s.

Firefighter Safety

The primary cause of firefighter fatalities is identified as human error and behavioral mistakes.
Effective safety programs need to address human factors and organizational aspects in addition to technical aspects.
Firefighters' salvation when all other tools fail is often their personal protective equipment (PPE).

Theory of Risk Homeostasis

The Theory of Risk Homeostasis is related to the concept that individuals and organizations tend to maintain a constant level of risk, despite safety measures.

Limitations of Safety Programs

Telling firefighters to 'be safe' is problematic as it oversimplifies the complexity of safety and ignores the role of human factors.
CRM's main focus in firefighting is to address human factors and improve teamwork and communication.

Information Dismissal

People sometimes dismiss new information in firefighting due to cognitive biases and the tendency to rely on past experiences.

Wildland Firefighter Safety

The Wildland Firefighter Safety Awareness Study aimed to improve wildland firefighter safety by identifying and addressing safety gaps.

Aviation Industry

The aviation industry associated human error with accidents, leading to the development of CRM.
The three components of the Tripod of Success are People, Plan, and Process.

Tripod of Success

Strengthening the 'People' leg of the Tripod of Success impacts the 'Plan' leg by improving decision-making and reducing errors.

Firefighting Operations

An unexpected event requiring high levels of interaction and teamwork during firefighting operations can lead to a high-risk situation.

Swiss Cheese Model

The Swiss Cheese model represents the concept of error trapping and experience, where 'holes' in defenses can lead to accidents.
As firefighters gain experience, the size of 'holes' in the Swiss Cheese model decreases.

Safety Programs vs. Safety Culture

A safety program is a set of rules and procedures, while a safety culture is a shared mindset and attitude towards safety.

Tri-Data Study

Phase III of the Tri-Data study emphasized the importance of understanding the wildland firefighting environment in preventing accidents.

Incidents vs. Accidents

Incidents are near-misses, while accidents result in harm or damage.

Safety Culture Limitations

A potential limitation of the current safety program mentality is that it focuses on compliance rather than a culture of safety.

Human Factors Training

Implementing human factors training in the commercial aviation industry led to a significant reduction in accidents.

CRM Effectiveness

CRM works effectively in high-reliability organizations that prioritize safety and teamwork.

Barriers to Safety Culture

The biggest barrier to implementing a safety culture is often a lack of leadership commitment.

CRM Objectives

CRM aims to achieve error prevention by addressing human factors and improving decision-making.

Adoption Barriers

The biggest impediment to adopting a safety culture in departments without one is often the absence of a clear safety vision.

Creating a Safety Culture

A crucial step in creating a culture of safety is to establish a clear safety vision and leadership commitment.
Cowboys are those who disregard safety in the aviation industry.
CRM is considered a perfect tool for meeting the goal of error avoidance, detection, and management in an organization.

Five Steps to a Safety Culture

Five important steps in creating a safety culture are:
- Establish a clear safety vision
- Encourage open communication and reporting
- Implement human factors training
- Foster a just culture
- Continuously monitor and evaluate safety performance

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