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Questions and Answers
What is the leading cause of civilian fires?
What is the leading cause of civilian fires?
Which of the following is a necessary condition for combustion to occur?
Which of the following is a necessary condition for combustion to occur?
What is the auto ignition temperature?
What is the auto ignition temperature?
What does 'Q' represent in the rate of heat transfer formula Q=HA(T1-T2)?
What does 'Q' represent in the rate of heat transfer formula Q=HA(T1-T2)?
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What combustion products result from a fire involving carbon disulfide?
What combustion products result from a fire involving carbon disulfide?
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What is the primary function of fixed temperature thermal detectors?
What is the primary function of fixed temperature thermal detectors?
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How do rate-of-rise detectors operate?
How do rate-of-rise detectors operate?
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What mechanism do pneumatic line-type detectors use to function?
What mechanism do pneumatic line-type detectors use to function?
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Which type of detector does NOT take into account the rate of rise of air temperature?
Which type of detector does NOT take into account the rate of rise of air temperature?
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What is a characteristic of fixed temperature thermal detectors?
What is a characteristic of fixed temperature thermal detectors?
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What type of detector is ideal for explosive environments where electricity should be avoided?
What type of detector is ideal for explosive environments where electricity should be avoided?
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What is the typical rate of rise that rate-of-rise detectors respond to?
What is the typical rate of rise that rate-of-rise detectors respond to?
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What is the most common reason for sprinkler system failures?
What is the most common reason for sprinkler system failures?
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What is the minimum height for raised sills or ramps in inside storage rooms for flammable liquids?
What is the minimum height for raised sills or ramps in inside storage rooms for flammable liquids?
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What thickness of wood is acceptable for shelving in storage rooms for flammable liquids?
What thickness of wood is acceptable for shelving in storage rooms for flammable liquids?
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What classification of electrical wiring is required in storage rooms for Category 1 or 2 flammable liquids?
What classification of electrical wiring is required in storage rooms for Category 1 or 2 flammable liquids?
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How often must ventilation systems provide a complete change of air in storage rooms for flammable liquids?
How often must ventilation systems provide a complete change of air in storage rooms for flammable liquids?
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What is the minimum width for a clear aisle maintained in every storage room?
What is the minimum width for a clear aisle maintained in every storage room?
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What should be avoided when stacking containers with a capacity of over 30 gallons?
What should be avoided when stacking containers with a capacity of over 30 gallons?
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What does BLEVE stand for?
What does BLEVE stand for?
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What occurs during a BLEVE?
What occurs during a BLEVE?
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What does black information on a yellow background signify for DOT?
What does black information on a yellow background signify for DOT?
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What condition indicates an immediate threat to life, property, or mission in a fire alarm control unit?
What condition indicates an immediate threat to life, property, or mission in a fire alarm control unit?
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Which condition on a fire alarm control unit indicates that there is an issue or fault with the system?
Which condition on a fire alarm control unit indicates that there is an issue or fault with the system?
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What does a carbon monoxide alarm signal indicate?
What does a carbon monoxide alarm signal indicate?
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What type of signal indicates a need for action regarding the supervision of system attendants?
What type of signal indicates a need for action regarding the supervision of system attendants?
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What is the purpose of an evacuation signal in a building?
What is the purpose of an evacuation signal in a building?
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Which signal is activated by a guard on patrol?
Which signal is activated by a guard on patrol?
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What condition results from the detection of a pre-alarm situation?
What condition results from the detection of a pre-alarm situation?
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What function does a jockey pump serve in a sprinkler system?
What function does a jockey pump serve in a sprinkler system?
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Which classification from NFPA 101 represents low combustibility with no self-propagating fire risk?
Which classification from NFPA 101 represents low combustibility with no self-propagating fire risk?
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What is the process of chemically decomposing organic materials at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen?
What is the process of chemically decomposing organic materials at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen?
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Which term describes substances that ignite instantly upon exposure to oxygen?
Which term describes substances that ignite instantly upon exposure to oxygen?
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What is the term for a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent change?
What is the term for a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent change?
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What is the process of creating procedures and programs to ensure continuity of business operations during damaging events called?
What is the process of creating procedures and programs to ensure continuity of business operations during damaging events called?
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Which concept is associated with how businesses can meet current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs?
Which concept is associated with how businesses can meet current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs?
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What is currently the third-leading cause of fatal occupational injuries in the United States?
What is currently the third-leading cause of fatal occupational injuries in the United States?
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What is the best protection employers can provide against workplace violence according to OSHA?
What is the best protection employers can provide against workplace violence according to OSHA?
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What is the first responsibility of a shipper when shipping hazardous materials?
What is the first responsibility of a shipper when shipping hazardous materials?
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What are requirements for security plans for transportation of hazardous materials primarily concerned with?
What are requirements for security plans for transportation of hazardous materials primarily concerned with?
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Which type of reaction occurs when two substances meet and instantly ignite?
Which type of reaction occurs when two substances meet and instantly ignite?
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Study Notes
Combustion
- The rapid exothermic or heat-producing chemical reaction of oxygen with a fuel.
Heat of combustion
- The amount of heat released as a result of complete combustion of a fuel. Expressed in units of energy per mass of combustible material.
Heat transfer by radiation
- Electromagnetic mechanism of heat transfer. The amount of heat transfer is proportional to the fourth power of temperature.
Convection
- Heat transfer by convection takes place as a result of fluid motion. Hot fluid rising, cold fluid sinking.
Conduction
- Heat energy is transferred between molecules through molecular collisions or direct contact.
Thermal conductivity
- The ability of a material to transfer heat. Different materials have different thermal conductivities. Metals are generally good conductors, while plastics are generally good insulators.
Four elements of combustion (fire tetrahedron)
- Oxygen
- Fuel
- Heat
- Chemical Reaction
Flammable liquid
- A liquid with a closed-cup flash point below 100°F and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psia (pounds per square inch absolute) at 100°F.
Combustible liquid
- A liquid with a closed-cup flash point at or above 100°F.
Flash point
- The lowest temperature at which a liquid can generate enough vapor to support combustion in the presence of an ignition source.
Vapor Pressure
- The pressure exerted by a vapor on its liquid at equilibrium. Increases with temperature.
Fire point
- The lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid in an open container gives off enough vapors to continue to burn once it has been ignited. Higher than flash point.
Lower Flammability Limit (LFL)
- The minimum concentration of vapor in air below which a flame will not propagate through the mixture.
Upper Flammability Limit (UFL)
- The maximum concentration of flammable vapor in air above which a flame will not propagate.
Auto-ignition temperature
- The temperature at which a material will spontaneously combust in the absence of an external ignition. Higher than the ignition temperature.
Specific gravity
- The density of a liquid relative to the density of water. Liquids with specific gravity less than 1 are lighter than water.
Vapor density
- A measure of the relative densities of vapors and gases compared to air under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. Most flammable liquids have vapor densities lighter than air.
Evaporation rate
- The rate at which a liquid is converted to vapor at a given temperature and pressure.
Water solubility
- Flammable liquids with water solubility can be mixed. The mixing with water can reduce flammability.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
- A colorless, odorless, toxic flammable gas. For -med by incomplete combustion of carbon.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- A colorless, odorless gas produced in large quantities during fires. Acts as a simple asphyxiant.
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
- A deadly gas that can be produced during fires from the combustion of certain materials.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
- A strong irritant gas produced from combusting sulfur-containing materials.
Ammonia (NH3)
- Can by produced during fires from combusting materials like wool, silk, fertilizers, explosives, acrylic nitrile and nylon.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
- A gas generated from incomplete combustion of sulfur-containing compounds like wool and rubber.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
- A gas generated from combusting materials like fabrics, cellulose nitrate, celluloid, catalysts, and polymerization inhibitors.
Fire Hazard Identification (NFPA 704) System
- System to classify the hazards of a material into four major categories.
Boiling Point
- Temperature at which a liquid transforms into vapor at a given pressure.
Fire Gases
- Gases that may be produced during a fire. Includes Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Cyanide, Sulfur Dioxide, Ammonia, Hydrogen Chloride, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Nitrogen Dioxide.
Class A fire extinguisher
- Used on fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, and paper.
Class B fire extinguisher
- Used on fires involving flammable liquids and gases such as gasoline, oil, and cooking fats.
Class C fire extinguisher
- Used on fires involving energized electrical equipment.
Class D fire extinguisher
- Used on fires involving combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium.
Class K fire extinguisher
- Used on fires involving cooking oils and fats.
Travel distance from fire extinguishers to possible fire/ignition source
- OSHA regulations for various classes of extinguishers regarding maximum distance to possible fire or ignition source.
Hydrostatic testing
- Testing procedure required to detect corrosion, physical damage, improper assembly, and damage to mechanical properties of metal parts of fire extinguishers.
Types fo sprinkler systems
- Dry pipe, wet pipe, pre-action, deluge, residential sprinkler systems. Different systems are suited for different conditions.
Types of Fire Detectors
- Fixed temperature, rate-of-rise, sealed pneumatic line-type, smoke, flame detectors, and combustible gas indicators.
Combustible Gas Indicator
- Indicates the concentration of gas in the air that might be dangerous/flammable.
Fire alarms
- Type A (manual), Type B (automatic). Type A - requires an operator to transmit alarm. Type B - automatically transmits the alarm.
Fire proofing
- Insulating steel in structures from excessive heat to prevent collapse.
Fire doors
- Most often rated by hourly rating, and may be combined in combination with an alphabetical rating.
Hot work permit
- Required before any equipment capable of igniting combustible materials is used outside designated/approved areas.
Planning for workplace emergencies
- OSHA requires written procedures/policies for larger companies (10+ employees). Smaller companies may use oral communication.
Duties of emergency response coordinator
- Determining what emergencies may occur.
- Developing emergency procedures.
- Directing emergency activities (including evacuation of personnel).
- Notifying outside emergency services when necessary.
- Directing the shutdown of plant operations when necessary.
BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion)
- A rapid, violent explosion resulting from heating liquids in closed containers, thus leading to rapid pressure increase and container failure.
Pyrophoric material
- A substance that spontaneously ignites when exposed to atmospheric oxygen, without an external ignition source.
National Fire Code
- A set of standards developed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Covers fire safety prevention and protection.
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Description
Test your knowledge on fire safety, combustion principles, and detection systems in this comprehensive quiz. Learn about necessary conditions for combustion, types of detectors, and common issues in fire safety equipment.
