Fire Protection Systems in Tall Buildings

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Questions and Answers

What is one major benefit of an active fire protection system in high-rise buildings?

It provides information on device activations to firefighters. (correct)

It replaces the fire alarm system entirely.

It reduces the overall cost of structural safety.

It eliminates the need for firefighters.

Where is the preferred location for the fire command center (FCC) in relation to the fire alarm control panel (FACP)?

In a separate building for security purposes.

On the top floor of the building.

In or near the main lobby entrance. (correct)

In the basement of the building.

What should be clearly identified in the preincident fire plans?

The building's insurance provider.

The location of the fire alarm control panel (FACP). (correct)

The fire department's emergency phone number.

The nearest fire station.

How do active fire protection systems influence the response to a fire incident before firefighters arrive?

They automatically trigger the fire alarm system. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of fire protection systems in buildings?

To extinguish or control fire and its spread. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these responses is NOT a role of active fire protection systems?

Enhancing the lighting in emergency conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Why is occupant safety particularly challenging in tall buildings?

Occupants often have fewer exits available. Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the design of active fire protection systems for high-rise buildings?

Integration with structural engineering for fire safety. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum distance allowed from a standpipe connection to an auxiliary hose outlet in a building?

150 ft (46 m) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the auxiliary hose outlet sign that says 'Deluge System Hose Rack/Activate Deluge Pull Station'?

Reminds firefighters of fire operation procedures Signup and view all the answers

What classification of standpipe system provides a 2½" (64 mm) hoseline connection for buildings that are three or more stories tall?

Class L Signup and view all the answers

In the case of non-automatic systems, who must supply water through the inlet valve?

Fire department/brigade Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to include on the building's BIC and battle plans regarding anomalies?

Non-automatic water supply situations Signup and view all the answers

What is a major advantage of using a Class L standpipe system for fire attacks?

Allows larger volume of water delivery Signup and view all the answers

What must be done if the same floor hose outlet is used to charge the system with water?

It's not recommended Signup and view all the answers

What type of valve is associated with the Class L standpipe system?

OS&Y isolation valve Signup and view all the answers

What shall happen when the alarm is activated in relation to construction work at the site?

All work at the site shall cease. Signup and view all the answers

What is used to fill a dry standpipe system during construction of a tall building?

Air or nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What action must be taken following an alarm activation regarding the standpipe system?

An investigation of the entire standpipe system must be performed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a manual dry standpipe in fire control?

It depends on fire service appliances to supply the required water flow. Signup and view all the answers

What must happen before resuming work after the standpipe system is under investigation?

The system must be repaired and pressure restored. Signup and view all the answers

What type of systems may include a combination of a standpipe riser and a floor sprinkler branch line?

Both automatic and dry systems. Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the New York City Fire Code must be complied with while a standpipe system is out?

Section 901.7.7 Signup and view all the answers

What needs to be done to restore the required pressure in a manual dry standpipe?

Undertake immediate repairs to the standpipe system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a preaction sprinkler system?

To activate water flow only after a detector signals a threat. Signup and view all the answers

Which areas are commonly protected by preaction systems?

Telecommunications centers and data centers. Signup and view all the answers

How does a preaction sprinkler system become operational?

The smoke, heat, or flame detector activates first. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the isolation valve in a preaction system?

To allow or prevent water from entering the system. Signup and view all the answers

What type of gases are commonly used to pressurize a preaction sprinkler system?

Air or nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters note about the preaction sprinkler system during a fire company recon?

The location of the preaction isolation valve. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with preaction sprinkler systems?

Direct flame suppression without alarms. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'clean agents' refer to in the context of fire extinguishing systems?

Substances that leave no residue after use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step to reactivate a sprinkler zone after heads have fused?

Open the supply control valve. Signup and view all the answers

What indication do firefighters have that a sprinkler head has been activated?

Water runoff and sound from the head. Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters be cautious about when there is heavily stacked stock in a fire area?

The risk of water overload causing stock to fall. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the portable ladder for firefighters in a sprinkler system fire?

To stop the flow of water from a sprinkler head. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an air bleeder valve in a sprinkler system?

To exhaust trapped air from the system. Signup and view all the answers

What is typically located in a spare sprinkler cabinet within a fire pump room?

Extra sprinkler heads. Signup and view all the answers

In a pressure tank system, what components help manage the water supply?

High and low pressure alarms and water level alarms. Signup and view all the answers

What capacity is mentioned for a typical fire reserve water supply tank?

45,000 gallons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for telephone communication lines in a fire alarm system?

They should be arranged in separate paths. Signup and view all the answers

What must the central monitoring station obtain from the fire department/brigade?

A license with periodic renewal. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge might arise with manual operation of the firefighters' smoke control system?

Challenges with manual operation procedures. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the fire alarm control panel is standardized for high-rise buildings?

Phase 1 and Phase 2 operations. Signup and view all the answers

How can a fire alarm signal be transmitted to a remote monitoring station?

Using the central monitoring station link. Signup and view all the answers

Which buttons might be found on a fire alarm control panel?

Acknowledgment and trouble. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the central monitoring station's location?

It can be located anywhere across the United States. Signup and view all the answers

What type of failure should be avoided in the arrangement of telephone communication lines?

Single point of failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key roles of an active fire protection system in tall buildings?

Automatically trigger the fire alarm system Signup and view all the answers

Why is the FACP area considered a preferred location for the fire command center?

It allows firefighters to size up device activations Signup and view all the answers

What must be clearly identified in preincident fire plans for a building?

Location of the fire alarm control panel Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fire protection systems in tall buildings?

To extinguish or control a fire and its spread Signup and view all the answers

What additional benefit do active fire protection systems provide to first responders?

Information about fire alarm activations Signup and view all the answers

What may result in unwarranted fire alarm activations during normal maintenance activities?

Hot work repairs generating heat or smoke Signup and view all the answers

How often may cleaning of fire alarm devices be required in a tall building?

Every six months Signup and view all the answers

Where is the FACP area not always located, despite its importance in emergencies?

Near the main lobby entrance Signup and view all the answers

Active fire protection systems primarily aid in which aspect of firefighting?

Controlling fire and fire spread Signup and view all the answers

What should be in place to help reduce fire alarm control panel malfunctions?

An effective preventive maintenance program Signup and view all the answers

What document outlines instructions for implementing a preventive maintenance program for fire alarm systems?

NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code Handbook Signup and view all the answers

What important feature does a balanced active fire protection system provide?

Improved occupant safety and life safety measures Signup and view all the answers

What must be recognized when conducting inspections and maintenance of fire alarm systems?

Manufacturer's instructions must be followed Signup and view all the answers

What might a fire company face if a 911 follow-up call is not made before their arrival?

A challenge in assessing the situation Signup and view all the answers

What could influence the mechanics of cleaning frequency for fire alarm devices?

Amount and type of dirt accumulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of reducing the normal fire alarm assignment due to unwarranted activations?

Potential delays in life safety response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of installing standpipe systems in buildings?

To provide a water supply for firefighters Signup and view all the answers

Which type of standpipe system includes water at constant pressure throughout the system?

Automatic wet standpipe Signup and view all the answers

What type of jurisdiction may implement specific requirements for standpipe testing and maintenance?

Local Signup and view all the answers

What is a common requirement for individuals performing standpipe testing?

Licensing by the fire department Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of dry standpipe systems?

Filled with water only during emergencies Signup and view all the answers

Why are outlet connections for fire systems required to be located within a public corridor?

To keep smoke from migrating into stairwells Signup and view all the answers

What is the NFPA 14 standard associated with?

Installation of standpipe and hose systems Signup and view all the answers

What specific frequency might some jurisdictions require for licensing renewal regarding standpipe maintenance?

Every three years Signup and view all the answers

What recommendation does the NFPA make regarding fire alarm inspections for malfunctions?

Increase the frequency of inspections. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of unwarranted fire alarms?

Deliberate malicious actions. Signup and view all the answers

How does the response of multiple fire units to a false alarm typically affect business operations?

It disrupts operations, activities, and schedules. Signup and view all the answers

What factors can lead to the occurrence of unwarranted alarms?

Burnt food and cigarette smoke. Signup and view all the answers

What effect do defects in the fire alarm system have on performance?

They can lead to unwarranted alarms. Signup and view all the answers

When is the impact of unwarranted alarms on business interruptions minimized?

When only one fire unit responds. Signup and view all the answers

What type of incidents can cause nuisance unwarranted alarms?

Burnt food or smoke. Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to the malfunction of a fire alarm control panel (FACP)?

Improper maintenance of the device. Signup and view all the answers

What common activity can inadvertently trigger fire alarms without being a fire threat?

Hot work repairs under control Signup and view all the answers

What may dictate a different cleaning cycle for fire alarm devices in tall buildings?

Amount and type of dirt accumulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of increased unwarranted fire alarm activations?

Reduced full fire alarm assignments by departments Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ensuring effective preventive maintenance of fire alarm systems?

Following manufacturer's instructions for maintenance Signup and view all the answers

In the event of a fire alarm activation, what additional step is expected from the first-arriving fire company?

Performing multiple safety tasks Signup and view all the answers

What should be prioritized to reduce malfunctions in fire alarm control systems?

Establishing a comprehensive preventive maintenance program Signup and view all the answers

What complicates the first response to a fire incident in tall buildings?

High-rise structural designs Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of fire alarm systems is targeted by the NFPA 72 code?

Inspection, testing, and maintenance procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum interval at which standpipe systems must undergo hydrostatic pressure tests?

At least once every 5 years Signup and view all the answers

How often should a full flow test be conducted on each valve in a standpipe system?

Every 5 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a manifold connection in a standpipe system?

To connect multiple hoses simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

What flow rate does each hose outlet in a standpipe system provide according to the standards?

250 gpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the mandatory action when a standpipe system is out of service?

Provide alternative firefighting measures Signup and view all the answers

What standards govern the inspection, testing, and maintenance of standpipe systems?

NFPA 25 Signup and view all the answers

What is one requirement for a standpipe system's maintenance according to city regulations?

Complete documentation of past tests Signup and view all the answers

Which device is defined as critical for regulating hose connection pressure in a standpipe system?

Pressure-regulating device (PRD) Signup and view all the answers

What key feature does the fire alarm control panel (FACP) provide to enhance communication during an incident?

Two-way voice communication system Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended for a secondary FACP to be located on a different floor than the lobby?

To minimize congestion during evacuation Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication is NOT typically supported by the fire alarm control panel (FACP)?

Connecting to external emergency services Signup and view all the answers

What is one purpose of the floor fire warden red phone in relation to firefighter operations?

To serve as a channel for firefighter communication Signup and view all the answers

What specific design consideration is emphasized for the building's exterior in the text?

Placement for optimal fire department access Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of voice communication systems in FACP enhances function during emergencies?

Amplification of messages on select floors Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does the design of staircases in tall buildings pose for firefighters?

Overcrowding with occupants evacuating Signup and view all the answers

What feature of fire protection systems is crucial in apartment buildings during an alarm activation?

Communication amplification through speakers Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary procedure when using another building's standpipe riser as a temporary express drain riser?

Establish a hoseline connection through the floor corridor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step to follow before conducting a bench test on PRVs?

Set up a removal procedure for the PRVs. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to mark PRVs before removal?

To avoid confusion during valve replacement. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge arises in testing standpipe PRV devices in existing tall buildings?

Absence of a viable express drain riser. Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential risk if the required PRV five-year test is not conducted?

Increased risk for firefighters during operations. Signup and view all the answers

When conducting a standpipe riser hydrotest after reinstalling PRVs, why is this step necessary?

To check for leaks in the system. Signup and view all the answers

What must be done after removing PRVs from a standpipe riser for testing?

Conduct a standpipe riser hydrotest. Signup and view all the answers

What common inconvenience might occur when rerouting hoseline connections during PRV testing?

Disruption to building occupants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the FDC combination system signage that uses yellow caps?

To indicate the building’s fire protection system type Signup and view all the answers

What common failure may occur when conducting a hydrostatic test on a standpipe system?

Stuck ball drip valve in an open drain position Signup and view all the answers

How often does the New York City fire department require flow tests for high-rise residential buildings?

Every 30 months Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if debris accumulates at the FDC outlet?

It obstructs the standpipe/sprinkler system’s operation Signup and view all the answers

What must be done to a supply line before a firefighter connects it to the FDC?

Check it for any accumulations of debris Signup and view all the answers

What issue can prevent the back flow check valve from functioning properly?

Sediment buildup causing it to remain closed Signup and view all the answers

What type of testing is required for the standpipe/sprinkler system every second cycle in New York City?

Flow tests must be witnessed by the fire department Signup and view all the answers

When would debris in an FDC outlet most likely be maliciously placed?

When the building is vacant for extended periods Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fire Protection Systems in Tall Buildings

A balanced active fire protection system provides increased safety for occupants, visitors and firefighters in tall buildings.
This system includes a fire alarm control panel (FACP) which provides information to firefighters about device activation and the status of building systems.
The FACP is ideally the location for the fire command center (FCC), but its location needs to be clearly identified in pre-incident plans.
Active fire protection systems are designed to extinguish or control fires, activate alarms, and notify the fire department.
The standpipe system, a key part of fire protection, is composed of risers and floor branch lines, allowing firefighters to connect hoses and deliver water to the fire.
Standpipe systems can be automatic, dry, or combination systems, with different classifications (Class L, Class III) depending on hose size and functionality.
A preaction sprinkler system combines fire alarm devices with a dry sprinkler system, requiring an initial activation (e.g., smoke detector) to allow water into the system.
Preaction systems protect sensitive areas like data centers and are often used as a replacement to systems utilizing halon or other clean agents.
Other fire protection systems found in tall buildings include clean agents, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, halon, and water mist systems, each with its own advantages and applications.

Fire Protection Systems in Tall Buildings

Occupant safety is paramount in tall buildings, which present significant challenges.
A balanced, active fire protection system is vital for life safety, ensuring the safety of owners, occupants, visitors, contractors, firefighters and other first responders.
The fire protection system (FPS) in a tall building automatically triggers the fire alarm system (FAS) before the arrival of emergency services.
FPS plays a vital role in controlling fires, aiding in extinguishing or controlling fire spread.
Fire Alarm Control Panels (FACP)
- FACPs provide valuable information to firefighters.
- The preferred location for the fire command center (FCC) is within or near the main lobby entrance.
- Its location should be clearly identified in pre-incident fire and battle plans in a tall building.
Unwarranted/Unnecessary Fire Alarms
- These activations can be caused due to various reasons such as malicious alarms, nuisance alarms, defects in the alarm or control panel, improper maintenance, improper placement of smoke detectors, testing or servicing, ordinary occurrences like burnt food or cigarette smoke, and normal maintenance activities generating heat or smoke.
- Such alarms do not warrant fire department safety concerns.
- To reduce FACP malfunctions, an effective preventive maintenance program is recommended.
- NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code Handbook provides guidelines for implementing such a program.
Central Monitoring Station
- A central monitoring station system is linked to the FACP to transmit fire alarms to a remote off-site monitoring center.
- The alarm signal should be transmitted through separate paths to ensure reliability.
- The central monitoring station should be approved by the local fire department/brigade and may require a license in some jurisdictions.
Standpipe Systems
- Standpipes are fire hydrants installed vertically in buildings, specifically for firefighters.
- They are generally installed according to NFPA 14: Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems.
- Local authorities may require licensing for standpipe testing, inspection, and maintenance.
- Standpipe systems can be wet, dry, automatic, or non-automatic.

Standpipe Riser and Hose Outlets

Wet standpipe systems contain water under constant pressure throughout the system.
Dry standpipe systems are typically used during construction or demolition.

Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP)

FACPs receive and identify initiating alarm device activation at the Fire Command Center (FCC)
FACPs also feature a two-way or one-way voice communication system
A two-way voice communication system notifies occupants and fire department/brigade operations
FACP speaker system can broadcast messages to occupants via a message over speaker system
FACP speaker system can amplify messages on select floors and/or broadcast throughout the building

FACP Malfunctions and Unwarranted Alarms

Some fire departments/brigades have reduced fire alarm assignments to only one engine company
This reduction is due to an increase in unwarranted fire alarm activations and a challenge with responding to these incidents
The first-arriving fire company may need to perform multiple tasks to ensure the life safety of occupants before the arrival of additional fire units and a chief officer
A preventive maintenance program is recommended to help reduce FACP malfunctions

Fire Alarm Device Maintenance

An effective preventive maintenance program should be in place to ensure FACP functionality
Instructions for implementing such a program can be found in NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code Handbook
Inspection, testing, and maintenance must be conducted according to the manufacturer's instructions
For tall buildings, a six-month interval for cleaning fire alarm devices is suggested due to an ambient condition, rather than annual cleaning
This cleaning cycle is subject to the amount of dirt and dust accumulation on detecting devices, mechanical equipment, and elevator hoistway rooms

Manual Voice Communication Scripts for Fire Departments/Brigades

In New York City, the fire department requires a five-year hydrostatic standpipe/sprinkler system test for each Fire Department Connection (FDC) for high-rise residential buildings
Periodic system flow tests are conducted at 30-month intervals and must be witnessed by the fire department every other cycle
Since the system between the FDC and the lower check valve is dry, debris or trash may accumulate
Trash may be maliciously placed to obstruct the system, affecting standpipe/sprinkler system augmentation using this FDC
It is crucial to visually check the FDC for any accumulations of debris or obstructions before connecting a supply line
Common test failures occur when the ball drip valve is stuck in the open drain position or when the backflow check valve is seated or closed due to rust or sediment buildup

Pressure-Regulating Device (PRD) Testing

A PRD is defined in NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems
Each PRD needs a full-flow test at 5-year intervals, compared to previous test results
Adjustments must be made in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions
When conducting a full flow test is impractical or impossible, an alternative method involves removing the PRVs and conducting a "bench" test at a certified facility
Removing PRVs for a bench test requires a removal procedure and marking all PRVs to indicate stairwell, floor, and static pressure

Standpipe System Testing

Standpipe systems need to be maintained, including inspections, testing, and servicing, according to NYC Fire Code (2008 ed.), FC 905 Standpipe Systems
A hydrostatic pressure test and flow test need to be conducted at least once every five years
These tests demonstrate the standpipe system's suitability for department use
Tests need to be conducted in compliance with the rules and at the owner's risk and/or a representative's risk
In buildings without parallel express drain risers, an alternative approach is to shut down and drain another building standpipe riser, using it as a temporary express drain riser
This approach requires temporary replacement of the alternative drain riser and potentially running a hoseline connection through the floor corridor space from one stair to another

Pressure-Reducing Valves and Relief Valves

NFPA 25: Standard for the Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems outlines specific requirements for Pressure-Reducing Valves (PRVs) and Relief valves
PRVs with conventional hose outlets need to be marked to indicate stairwell, floor, and static pressures
This marking helps reduce the risk of placing the PRV on the wrong floor during re-installation
Removing PRVs one at a time from a standpipe riser is recommended, on every other floor
After re-installing all the bench-tested PRVs, a standpipe riser hydrotest needs to be conducted
Testing standpipe PRV devices within an enclosed stairwell without a 3" express drain poses a challenge in many existing tall buildings
The lack of express drain risers presents a good example for the fire service to address PRV testing deficiencies in code developments
The lack of conducting the required PRV five-year test increases firefighter risk

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Description

Test your knowledge on fire protection systems designed for tall buildings. This quiz covers topics such as active fire protection, fire alarm control panels, and the standpipe system. Understand the critical components that ensure safety for occupants and firefighters alike.