IMS Manual pgs. 27-38
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Nothing Showing' indicate in fire reporting?

  • A working fire is underway.
  • Flames are visible and escalating.
  • No signs of smoke or fire are visible. (correct)
  • Signs of smoke are present.

Which term indicates that a fire attack company has confined the fire?

  • Fire Out
  • Water on the fire
  • Nothing Showing
  • Fire under Control (correct)

Which of the following best describes the Offensive Mode of operation?

  • Assuming a defensive position from the start of operations.
  • Assuming an aggressive approach to suppress the fire inside the structure. (correct)
  • A combination of inside and outside fire operations.
  • Prioritizing victim rescue over fire suppression.

What is indicated by the term 'Primary Complete, All Clear'?

<p>The primary search for victims is finished with none found. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a Defensive mode of operation be communicated?

<p>When changing from Offensive to Defensive operations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following operations is NOT recognized as a mode of operation?

<p>Support Mode (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Water on the fire' specifically refer to?

<p>Water is being applied to extinguish the flames. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation necessitates the use of all first alarm units?

<p>Working Fire (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the Incident Commander prioritize first when executing tactical priorities?

<p>Rescue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical incident factor includes conditions like fire height and potential hazards?

<p>Heights/Hazards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the Aldridge-Benge Firefighter Safety Act, who must mark buildings with signs for truss construction?

<p>Owners of commercial and industrial structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary task of the Incident Commander during the size-up process?

<p>Conduct a 360-degree assessment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant time frame for operational periods during large-scale incidents?

<p>12 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lightweight construction becomes unstable after being exposed to fire for how long?

<p>3 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus regarding lightweight construction components for modern firefighters?

<p>Combined effects of loss of mass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Incident Action Plan determines how to address an incident?

<p>Strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of Risk Benefit Analysis during fire operations?

<p>To evaluate potential for saving lives and property (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signifies the proper method of marking buildings with lightweight truss construction?

<p>Symbol approved by the State Fire Marshal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the IAP, what describes specific, measurable actions taken to achieve goals?

<p>Tactics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general order of tactical priorities during an incident?

<p>Rescue, Exposures, Confine, Extinguish, Overhaul (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of construction is assumed to be lightweight until proven otherwise?

<p>Every building (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the content of a progress report?

<p>CAN information: Conditions, Actions, Needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four incident priorities for an Incident Commander?

<p>Resource Acquisition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How frequently should progress reports typically occur in the early stages of an incident?

<p>Every 5 to 10 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is critical for the effectiveness of progress reports?

<p>Being timely, complete, and concise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mnemonic 'BELOW' in situation evaluation (size-up) represent?

<p>Building construction, Extent/Location of Fire, Life safety, Occupancy, Water Supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who determines if evidence preservation is necessary at an incident?

<p>The Incident Commander (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of issuing progress reports during an incident?

<p>To assist in decision making and resource prioritization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must not change throughout the duration of an incident according to command procedures?

<p>The Command designation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase comes last in the Command Sequence?

<p>Demobilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should not be included in a progress report to maintain effectiveness?

<p>Long-winded explanations about failures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should benchmarks be announced to assist the Incident Commander?

<p>Every 10 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates a situation where two incidents occur on the same street?

<p>Mile marker 86 Command (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial action an Incident Commander should take when assessing the situation?

<p>Gather and analyze information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the highest tactical priority when there is a chance of rescuing civilians from a fire?

<p>Rescue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a Primary Search be initiated in a building?

<p>When conditions are known to be tenable for survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of shutting the doors of uninvolved rooms during a Primary Search?

<p>To minimize smoke damage and assist with property conservation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tactical priority is generally prioritized after Rescue when conditions do not allow for rapid extinguishment?

<p>Confinement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a Secondary Search, what is important for the Incident Commander to do when a victim is found?

<p>Notify the Incident Commander with victim details (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about tactical priorities is correct?

<p>They can be modified based on incident types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the first arriving company prioritize when there's a possibility of a salvageable life in a building?

<p>Team with the first arriving Rescue to perform a search (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the decision of which exposures should be prioritized?

<p>Value of property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason to use a Thermal Imaging Camera during rescue operations?

<p>To direct Search and Rescue and Fire Attack (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hose line is typically used for initial exposure protection?

<p>2½” hose line flowing a minimum of 200 GPM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of a Primary Search compared to a Secondary Search?

<p>Rapid and focused on immediate rescue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the correct action when encountering deceased victims during a Secondary Search?

<p>Notify the Incident Commander and leave them untouched (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should firefighters select the order for conducting a Primary Search?

<p>Based on reported victims and areas most threatened (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is critical to report to the Incident Commander during a Secondary Search?

<p>Location and number of victims encountered (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of applying water from the exterior during an Offensive Mode?

<p>To cool the fire compartment and improve occupant survival. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should an Incident Commander transition from an Offensive Mode to a Defensive Mode?

<p>When the fire has spread beyond the initial fire compartment and there is no chance of saving a life or property. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 10-minute timeframe for interior operations based on?

<p>The time it takes for a building to become structurally unsound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of "Emergency Traffic" when transitioning from Offensive to Defensive mode?

<p>To ensure all firefighters are accounted for before evacuating the structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consideration for applying water from the exterior during an Offensive Mode?

<p>The hose line should be repositioned to maximize water flow into the fire compartment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym "CANS" stand for in the context of the Arrival Report?

<p>Conditions, Actions, Needs, Statement of Incident Command. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Offensive and Defensive Mode?

<p>Offensive Mode involves direct attack on the fire while Defensive Mode involves protecting exposures from fire extension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of "level I Staging" when the mode is "Investigating"?

<p>To establish a command post and coordinate with other responding units. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the "Two In-Two Out" rule?

<p>To provide a backup team for firefighters operating in the interior of a structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it appropriate to use ground monitors or mounted deck guns?

<p>When the fire has advanced beyond the initial fire compartment and there is no chance of saving property. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of providing an Arrival Report?

<p>To notify the Incident Commander of the nature of the incident. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT typically performed during an Offensive Mode?

<p>Using large-capacity fire streams to prevent fire extension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of identifying the "Alpha side" of a structure?

<p>It establishes a consistent orientation for reporting fire conditions and actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of elevated streams when deployed during a Defensive Mode?

<p>To prevent the fire from spreading to adjacent exposures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between "Conditions" and "Actions" in the Arrival Report?

<p>Conditions are the observable conditions at the scene, while Actions are the steps taken by the arriving company. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the "Needs" section in the Arrival Report?

<p>To request additional resources that are not included in the initial alarm assignment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nothing Showing

Indicates no visible signs of smoke or fire.

Smoke Showing

Indicates visible smoke and should be further described as light, moderate, or heavy.

Flames Showing

Indicates visible flames and should be further described by the extent of the fire and location.

Working Fire

A fire requiring all first-alarm units to respond.

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Primary Complete, All Clear

Indicates that the primary search is complete and no victims have been found.

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Secondary Complete, All Clear

Indicates that the secondary search is complete and no victims have been found.

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Water on the fire

Indicates that the fire attack crew has located the source of the fire and is applying water to extinguish it.

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Fire Under Control

Indicates that the fire attack crew has contained the fire, prevented further spread, and protected exposed areas.

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Command

A designated location and officer in charge at an incident.

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Arrival Report

A report given by firefighters upon arriving at an incident, providing initial information.

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Progress Report

A report given by a company officer at regular intervals, updating the Command on progress and any changes.

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Command Sequence

The structured process of gathering information, setting objectives, and devising a plan to control an incident.

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Life Safety

The primary concern for firefighters, emphasizing the safety of civilians and all personnel involved in an incident.

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Situation Evaluation (Size-Up)

A crucial aspect of the Command Sequence, involving a rapid assessment of the incident to make informed decisions.

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Incident Action Plan (IAP)

A structured plan outlining the strategies and tactics to be employed at an incident by the Incident Commander.

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Strategic & Tactical Modes

The specific actions and tactics employed by firefighters to control a fire based on its nature.

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RECEOVS

A set of specific priorities used to guide tactical operations in the IAP, standing for 'Rescue, Exposures, Confinement, Extinguishment, Overhaul, Ventilation, Salvage'.

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Scene Control

The process of establishing control over the incident scene by firefighters, including securing the perimeter and managing access.

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Tasks

Specific tasks assigned to firefighters to meet the objectives outlined in the IAP, such as rescuing people or controlling a fire.

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Evaluating the IAP

The process of evaluating the effectiveness of the IAP and potentially modifying it based on the evolving incident situation.

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Demobilization

The process of systematically dismantling the incident operations and releasing resources once the situation is stabilized.

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Termination

The final stage of an incident, signifying the completion of all necessary actions and the release of command by the Incident Commander.

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Communicating Changes

The process of reporting pertinent changes in the incident situation, such as worsening or improving conditions.

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Size-Up

A systematic process used by Incident Commanders to assess the situation and determine priorities in an emergency. It involves recognizing critical factors like weather, occupancy, life safety, and hazards.

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Risk Assessment

A key component of the Size-Up that involves evaluating potential risks to firefighters and determining the safest approach to operations.

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Risk Benefit Analysis

A principle guiding firefighter actions in responding to emergencies. It emphasizes that risking firefighter lives is unacceptable for property or lives that cannot be saved.

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Aldridge-Benge Firefighter Safety Act

A federal law enacted in 2009 that requires signage on buildings using light-frame truss construction, a type of construction prone to collapse during fires.

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Lightweight Construction

A type of construction common nowadays where components are lightweight, making them prone to collapse under heat from fire.

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Strategic Mode of Operation

The overall approach to managing an incident, characterized by offensive (direct attack) or defensive (containment) strategies.

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Tactical Priorities

A prioritized list of critical tasks that need to be addressed at an incident, starting with the most crucial.

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Rescue

The priority of rescuing occupants from a burning building.

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Exposures

Protecting structures or areas adjacent to the fire from spreading flames.

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Confine

Using various techniques to prevent the fire from spreading beyond its current location

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Extinguishment

Extinguishing the fire completely.

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Overhaul

Examining the aftermath of a fire to ensure hot spots are extinguished, preventing re-ignition.

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Ventilation

Improving ventilation in a building to control smoke and heat buildup.

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Salvage

Protecting salvageable property and belongings during and after a fire incident.

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Investigating Mode

Indicates an unknown nature or extent of the problem, requiring all responding units to proceed to Level I Staging.

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Offensive Mode

An aggressive approach where firefighters enter a building to directly combat fire using hose lines or other extinguishing methods. This is used when there is a chance to save lives and no signs of imminent structural collapse.

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10-minute Time Frame

A 10-minute window for firefighters operating in an Offensive Mode under potentially dangerous conditions, focusing on the building integrity, victim survivability, and firefighter air supply.

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Transitioning to Defensive Mode

A shift to a Defensive Mode of operation when conditions become too dangerous. This involves removing all interior personnel and focusing on preventing fire spread from the outside. The Incident Commander announces "Emergency Traffic" before this switch.

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Exterior Water Application (Offensive Mode)

The use of exterior water application to cool the fire compartment in Offensive Mode. This aims to improve occupant survival and create safer firefighting conditions. It is not intended to extinguish the fire.

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Exterior Water Application Techniques

A controlled and deliberate application of water from the exterior, aiming directly into the ceiling of the fire compartment using a solid or straight stream for no longer than 15 seconds.

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Defensive Mode

A mode of operation where firefighting efforts are conducted outside the fire structure, utilizing large-capacity fire streams to prevent the fire from spreading to other buildings.

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Selecting Defensive Mode

The mode selected by the Incident Commander when the situation progresses to the point where saving a life or property becomes impossible, or if resources are insufficient to support Offensive Mode.

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Ground Monitors or Deck Guns

The use of ground monitors or mounted deck guns to provide a larger flow of water and greater safety for firefighters. Ground monitors can be left unattended, especially in collapse zones.

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Elevated Streams

The potential use of elevated streams when the building or a portion of it is considered a total loss. This requires a large volume of water and prohibits any interior operations.

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Arrival Report (CANS)

The first arriving unit provides a concise report containing Conditions, Actions, Needs, and the Statement of Incident Command. The exception is typical medical calls.

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Conditions (Arrival Report)

Describes the current conditions visible from the vehicle, such as smoke density, damage, or vehicle counts.

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Actions (Arrival Report)

States the immediate actions the unit will take, e.g., deploying a hose line or initiating triage operations.

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Needs (Arrival Report)

Identifies any additional resources needed beyond the initial alarm assignment, such as extra units, specialized teams, or utility services.

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Statement of Incident Command (Arrival Report)

Provides the Incident Commander's name, location, and the currently declared mode of operation.

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Primary Search

A rapid search for possible victims conducted by firefighters in a structure fire.

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Secondary Search

A more thorough and methodical search for victims conducted after the initial Primary Search.

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Exposure Protection

The process of protecting property and preventing fire from spreading to areas not yet involved.

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Confinement

The act of preventing fire from spreading to other areas, often by using hose lines or barriers.

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Incident Commander's Responsibilities

The Incident Commander must analyze the situation and prioritize tasks based on the most immediate dangers and potential outcomes. The highest priority is Life Safety and Rescue until the Primary Search is complete.

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Primary Search Order

Firefighters should search for victims in a specific order based on the reported location of the victims, the most severely threatened area, the largest number of victims, the remainder of the fire area, and exposed areas.

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Primary Search Door Closure

When performing a Primary Search, firefighters should shut the doors of uninvolved rooms to minimize smoke damage, enhance property conservation, and assist with Confinement.

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Door Closure Decision

The decision to shut doors in uninvolved rooms depends on the level of fire control achieved in the structure. If the fire is not yet controlled, doors may not be shut to allow for ventilation and prevent a backdraft.

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Rapid Extinguishment

The tactical priority that aims to reduce the need for Rescue, Exposure, and Confinement by quickly extinguishing the fire.

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Combining Tasks

The Incident Commander may combine tasks to protect firefighters while achieving the current tactical priority. For example, Fire Attack and Primary Search may be combined to protect firefighters while rescuing victims.

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Company Officer's Role

Company Officers must determine the best way to accomplish the assigned task using specific techniques and tactics.

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Tactical Priority Adaptability

Tactical priorities are Incident-dependent and may be modified for specific incidents, such as Hazardous Materials Release or Wildland Fires.

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Salvageable Life

A person known to be in a burning structure with survivable conditions is classified as a salvageable life.

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The 10-minute timeframe is based on the science of how long a:

  1. Building will stay together
  2. Victim can survive
  3. Firefighter’s air supply will last when working
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If there are still marginal conditions after 10 minutes of interior operations, consider switching to a Defensive Mode of operation and withdrawing all interior personnel. The 10-minute timeframe includes:

  1. Notification
  2. Response
  3. Deployment
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The wrong water application may cause

the over-pressurization of the fire compartment and decease the chance of survivability.

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The law requires the owner of any commercial, industrial or any multi-unit residential structure of three units or more, that uses light-frame truss-type construction to mark the structure with a sign or symbol approved

by the State Fire Marshal in a manner sufficient to warn persons conducting fire control and other emergency operations of the existence of the light-frame truss type construction in the structure.

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A floor built using lightweight construction becomes unstable after being exposed to fire for

3 minutes

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When the IAP is written, for expanding large scale incidents, the plan may have a number of attachments, including:

incident objectives, organization assignment list, division assignment, incident radio communications plan, medical plan, traffic plan, safety plan and incident map.

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Rescue has the highest priority, the best option may be to

extinguish the fire and control Ventilation to accomplish the Rescue priority.

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Rapid extinguishment

eliminates or significantly reduces the need for Rescue, Exposure, and Confinement priorities.

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Study Notes

Fire Incident Terminology and Operations

  • Incident Conditions Reporting: Terms for describing fire conditions include:

    • Nothing Showing: No signs of smoke or fire
    • Smoke Showing: Visible smoke (light, moderate, or heavy)
    • Flames Showing: Visible flames (extent and location defined)
    • Working Fire: Needs all first-alarm units

  • Benchmarks: Standardized radio terms for fireground operations:

    • Primary Complete, All Clear: Primary search complete, no victims found
    • Secondary Complete, All Clear: Secondary search complete, no victims found
    • Water on the fire: Fire seat found, water applied
    • Fire under Control: Fire confined, further spread prevented, exposures protected
    • Fire Out: Overhaul operations complete

Modes of Operation

  • General: Offensive mode assumed unless otherwise announced by Incident Commander. Defensive mode must be clearly communicated.
  • Investigating Mode: No indication of problem nature/extent; responding units stage at Level I.
  • Offensive Mode: Firefighting advances into the building; used when a salvageable life is indicated & no immediate structural failure; 10-minute timeframe for interior operations (notification, response, deployment):
    • Exterior water application (directed into fire compartment, ceiling, solid/straight stream, no repositioning, 15 seconds max) to reduce heat and improve occupant survival is allowed with caution.
  • Defensive Mode: Suppression outside the structure using large-capacity fire streams to prevent fire extension; used when:
    • No chance of saving a life/property
    • Insufficient resources for Offensive Mode
    • Ground monitors/mounted deck guns recommended
    • Elevated streams used when indicated, firefighters stay outside.

Arrival Report

  • General: First arriving unit provides Arrival Report (except typical medical calls); contains CANS:
    • Conditions: Observed fire conditions (smoke, flames, vehicle damage)
    • Actions: Immediate actions (e.g., deploy hose line, begin triage)
    • Needs: Additional resources needed (e.g., more alarms, specialized units)
    • Statement of Incident Command (Command name, location, mode)
  • Structure Identification: Building sides (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta) identified; Alpha is front/address side; clockwise order. Incident Commander may alter Alpha side initially.
  • Command: "Command" plus location (e.g., 5th Street Command) used.
  • Example reports for both Offensive and Defensive modes are included.

Progress Reports

  • Timely: Essential for decision-making and IAP revision. Frequent in initial stages (every 5-10 minutes or major task completion).
  • Incident Commander may request progress reports.
  • All personnel should report pertinent changes.
  • Communication Center announces benchmarks every 10 minutes.
  • Incident Commander provides progress report every 10 minutes,
  • Content: Progress reports include CAN information.
    • Conditions: Current conditions;
    • Actions: Ongoing activities.
    • Needs: Required resources.
  • Effectiveness: Progress reports should be timely, complete, and concise for improved Incident Commander situational awareness.

Command Sequence

  • Incident Priorities: Life safety, incident stabilization, property conservation, evidence preservation
  • Situation Evaluation (Size-Up): Rapid, deliberate consideration of incident factors (BELOW; COAL WAS WEALTH); determines initial strategy. This includes risk assessment considering firefighter safety, occupant survivability & risk/benefit analysis.
    • Buildings assessed as lightweight until otherwise confirmed.
    • Aldridge-Benge Firefighter Safety Act: Signage required for truss-type construction. Building construction methods are evolving requiring adaptive assessment methods.
  • Developing the IAP: Incident Action Plan (IAP) developed based on priorities; includes strategies/goals and tactics/measurable objectives. Written plan for large incidents with attachments (incident objectives, assignment lists, communications plan, safety plan, map).

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Test your knowledge of fire incident terminology and operations with this quiz. Focus on understanding key terms related to incident conditions, benchmarks, and modes of operation used in firefighting. Perfect for those studying fire science and emergency response.

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