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Questions and Answers
What was the primary goal of Finland's dispatch of 'Volunteers' to Eastern Karelia?
What was the primary goal of Finland's dispatch of 'Volunteers' to Eastern Karelia?
Who was replaced by a moderate elected president in 1918-1919?
Who was replaced by a moderate elected president in 1918-1919?
What was the outcome of Finland's decision to participate in the Western Powers' military intervention in Northern Russia?
What was the outcome of Finland's decision to participate in the Western Powers' military intervention in Northern Russia?
What was the status of Eastern Karelia before Finland's attempt to secure control of it?
What was the status of Eastern Karelia before Finland's attempt to secure control of it?
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What was the duration of Finland's conflict with its great power, later superpower, neighbor?
What was the duration of Finland's conflict with its great power, later superpower, neighbor?
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What is a unique feature of the con ct episodes between Finland and Russia-USSR?
What is a unique feature of the con ct episodes between Finland and Russia-USSR?
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When was the 'Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance' (FCMA) signed between Finland and the USSR?
When was the 'Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance' (FCMA) signed between Finland and the USSR?
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What is a key difference between the FCMA treaties signed by Finland and the USSR compared to those signed by East European states with the Soviet Union?
What is a key difference between the FCMA treaties signed by Finland and the USSR compared to those signed by East European states with the Soviet Union?
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What was the outcome of the peace treaties signed between Finland and Russia-USSR?
What was the outcome of the peace treaties signed between Finland and Russia-USSR?
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What was the title of the treaty signed in 1947 between Finland and the USSR?
What was the title of the treaty signed in 1947 between Finland and the USSR?
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What was a major concern for Finland during the early 20th century?
What was a major concern for Finland during the early 20th century?
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What was the historical relationship between Finland and Russia?
What was the historical relationship between Finland and Russia?
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What was the desired outcome for Finland after the 'Winter War' and the 'Continuation War'?
What was the desired outcome for Finland after the 'Winter War' and the 'Continuation War'?
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When did the civil war in Russia take place?
When did the civil war in Russia take place?
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What was the duration of the protracted conflict between Finland and Russia?
What was the duration of the protracted conflict between Finland and Russia?
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In which year did the Winter War take place?
In which year did the Winter War take place?
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What was the result of the 1961 Note Crisis?
What was the result of the 1961 Note Crisis?
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What was the period of Finnish colonial rule by Russia?
What was the period of Finnish colonial rule by Russia?
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How many military campaigns were fought between Finnish and Soviet Union forces?
How many military campaigns were fought between Finnish and Soviet Union forces?
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What was the result of the cumulative fatigue and exhaustion of both Finland and the USSR?
What was the result of the cumulative fatigue and exhaustion of both Finland and the USSR?
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The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance was signed between Finland and Russia-USSR in 1947
The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance was signed between Finland and Russia-USSR in 1947
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Eastern Karelia was under Finnish control before the conflict with the USSR.
Eastern Karelia was under Finnish control before the conflict with the USSR.
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All FCMA treaties required the approval of all signatories for the commitments to take effect
All FCMA treaties required the approval of all signatories for the commitments to take effect
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The Finland-Russia-USSR conflict lasted for over four decades.
The Finland-Russia-USSR conflict lasted for over four decades.
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Finland and Russia-USSR successfully achieved lasting peace and con ct resolution through their peace treaties
Finland and Russia-USSR successfully achieved lasting peace and con ct resolution through their peace treaties
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The 1947 Paris Peace Treaty marked the end of the protracted conflict between Finland and Russia-USSR
The 1947 Paris Peace Treaty marked the end of the protracted conflict between Finland and Russia-USSR
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Finland and the USSR signed a peace treaty in 1944.
Finland and the USSR signed a peace treaty in 1944.
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Finland had a collective memory of Swedish colonial rule from 1809 to 1918.
Finland had a collective memory of Swedish colonial rule from 1809 to 1918.
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Finland and Russia-USSR engaged in only one major conflict episode
Finland and Russia-USSR engaged in only one major conflict episode
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The 'Winter War' and the 'Continuation War' led to a decrease in hostility between Finland and the USSR.
The 'Winter War' and the 'Continuation War' led to a decrease in hostility between Finland and the USSR.
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Finland was never occupied by a Russian state.
Finland was never occupied by a Russian state.
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The war between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia lasted from 1939 to 1945.
The war between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia lasted from 1939 to 1945.
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The Finnish nation was not geographically close to a major power.
The Finnish nation was not geographically close to a major power.
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The Finnish nation did not experience national fatigue and exhaustion during the 20th century.
The Finnish nation did not experience national fatigue and exhaustion during the 20th century.
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Finland and Russia did not have a protracted conflict that lasted for over 40 years.
Finland and Russia did not have a protracted conflict that lasted for over 40 years.
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Finland dispatched 'Volunteers' to 'liberate' Eastern Karelia because it was a predominantly ethnic Russian majority population.
Finland dispatched 'Volunteers' to 'liberate' Eastern Karelia because it was a predominantly ethnic Russian majority population.
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Finland's decision to participate in the Western Powers' military intervention in Northern Russia was fully implemented.
Finland's decision to participate in the Western Powers' military intervention in Northern Russia was fully implemented.
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Finland and Russia-USSR had a peaceful relationship throughout the 20th century.
Finland and Russia-USSR had a peaceful relationship throughout the 20th century.
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The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (FCMA) was signed between Finland and the USSR in 1919.
The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (FCMA) was signed between Finland and the USSR in 1919.
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Mannerheim was a moderate elected president of Finland in 1918-1919.
Mannerheim was a moderate elected president of Finland in 1918-1919.
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What is unique about the Finland-Russia/USSR conflict in terms of its resolution?
What is unique about the Finland-Russia/USSR conflict in terms of its resolution?
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What was the significance of the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty in the context of the Finland-Russia/USSR conflict?
What was the significance of the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty in the context of the Finland-Russia/USSR conflict?
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How did the FCMA treaty between Finland and the USSR differ from those signed by East European states with the Soviet Union?
How did the FCMA treaty between Finland and the USSR differ from those signed by East European states with the Soviet Union?
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What was the outcome of the peace treaties signed between Finland and Russia-USSR?
What was the outcome of the peace treaties signed between Finland and Russia-USSR?
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What was a key characteristic of the Finland-Russia/USSR conflict?
What was a key characteristic of the Finland-Russia/USSR conflict?
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What was the geographical reality that contributed to Finland's national fatigue and exhaustion during the 20th century?
What was the geographical reality that contributed to Finland's national fatigue and exhaustion during the 20th century?
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What was the historical context of Finland's conflicts with Russia and the USSR?
What was the historical context of Finland's conflicts with Russia and the USSR?
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What was the impact of the 'Winter War' and the 'Continuation War' on Finland's aspirations?
What was the impact of the 'Winter War' and the 'Continuation War' on Finland's aspirations?
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What was the period of Finland's conflict with Russia and the USSR?
What was the period of Finland's conflict with Russia and the USSR?
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What major power con icts and wars did Finland risk being involved in during the 20th century?
What major power con icts and wars did Finland risk being involved in during the 20th century?
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What was the primary outcome of the cumulative fatigue and exhaustion experienced by both Finland and the USSR during their four-decade long conflict?
What was the primary outcome of the cumulative fatigue and exhaustion experienced by both Finland and the USSR during their four-decade long conflict?
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What was the historical context of Finland's collective memory that contributed to its sustained hostility and mistrust towards the USSR?
What was the historical context of Finland's collective memory that contributed to its sustained hostility and mistrust towards the USSR?
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How did the Winter War and the Continuation War impact Finland's nation and its relationship with the USSR?
How did the Winter War and the Continuation War impact Finland's nation and its relationship with the USSR?
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What was the significance of the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty in the context of Finland's conflict with the USSR?
What was the significance of the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty in the context of Finland's conflict with the USSR?
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What was the underlying reason for Finland's uncertainty about Soviet intentions during the 20th century?
What was the underlying reason for Finland's uncertainty about Soviet intentions during the 20th century?
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What was the geographical location targeted by Finland's dispatch of 'Volunteers' in 1919?
What was the geographical location targeted by Finland's dispatch of 'Volunteers' in 1919?
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Which Finnish leader was replaced by a moderate elected president in 1918-1919?
Which Finnish leader was replaced by a moderate elected president in 1918-1919?
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What was the historical context of Finland's conflict with its great power neighbor, Russia-USSR?
What was the historical context of Finland's conflict with its great power neighbor, Russia-USSR?
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What was the primary goal of Finland's participation in the Western Powers' military intervention in Northern Russia?
What was the primary goal of Finland's participation in the Western Powers' military intervention in Northern Russia?
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What was the outcome of Finland's attempts to secure control of East Karelia?
What was the outcome of Finland's attempts to secure control of East Karelia?
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Study Notes
Finland-Russia/USSR Conflict (Resolved)
Conflict Resolution
- Unique trait: three of the four major conflict episodes involved peace treaties between Finland and Russia/USSR, but lasting peace and conflict resolution were not achieved by any of these agreements.
- Path to conflict resolution was a de facto alliance between the principal adversaries, one year after the last peace treaty, the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty, which did not constitute conflict resolution.
- The alliance was entitled "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance" (FCMA), signed in April 1948.
- A third unique characteristic of the Finland/Russia-USSR conflict and relationship is that the USSR determined when the commitments of the alliance took effect, while the activation of all FCMA commitments by Finland and the USSR required the approval of both signatories.
Finland's Decisions
- Finland made several strategic and important tactical decisions during the conflict with its great power neighbor, Russia/USSR (1919-1961).
- Two early decisions were to participate in the Western Powers' military intervention in Northern Russia and to dispatch Finnish 'Volunteers' to 'liberate' Eastern Karelia, a predominantly ethnic Finnish majority population.
Causes of Resolution
- Exhaustion: the persistence of intense hostility and mistrust generated cumulative fatigue by both parties, which reached the level of exhaustion during the 'Winter War' (1939-1940) and the 'Continuation War' (1944).
- National challenges led to sustained collective fatigue, which escalated to exhaustion on several occasions, including:
- Collective memory of Russian colonial rule (1809-1918).
- Communist-anti-Communist civil war in 1918, supported by Soviet Russian aid.
- Military confrontation between Finnish and Soviet Union forces in three military campaigns.
- Longstanding uncertainty about Soviet intentions.
Context
- The conflict was marked by uncertainty, ranging from possible occupation and re-integration of Finland into a Russian state, to the frequent risk of unwanted involvement in major power conflicts and wars.
- The Finnish nation also confronted the geographic reality of permanent proximity to a major power, linked to a hostile historical relationship that continued as an interstate protracted conflict (1919-1961).
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Description
Explore the unique traits of conct management between Finland and Russia-USSR, including the role of peace treaties and de facto alliances in achieving lasting peace. Discover the challenges and complexities of conct resolution in this protracted conct. Test your knowledge of international relations and conct resolution strategies.
