Final Exam Review - PHYL 4518

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Questions and Answers

According to the challenge point hypothesis, what should be maximized during practice?

Task difficulty (correct)

Learning benefit

Amount of information available

Practice performance

What type of attentional focus is Ben using when he is intently focused on the birdie while learning a new shot in badminton?

External broad

Internal narrow

Internal broad

External narrow (correct)

Which motor skills are considered hard to forget?

Continuous skills (correct)

Complex skills

Serial skills

Discrete skills

What psychological phenomenon describes a loss of 'set' before performing a skill, commonly referred to as warmup decrement?

Choking Signup and view all the answers

How can one reduce the warmup decrement before performing a skill?

Engage in pre-shot routines Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is most likely represented by a graph indicating high retention?

Jumping rope (skipping) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of promoting an external focus of attention during practice?

To improve performance outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best differentiates between training and practice?

Training involves skill acquisition, while practice is about refinement. Signup and view all the answers

What balance strategy is typically utilized by a healthy young adult following a small balance challenge?

Ankle strategy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a modifiable risk factor for joint injury?

Unstable landing mechanics Signup and view all the answers

Transfer tests should ideally be performed in which environment for optimal assessment?

In an open environment Signup and view all the answers

A tennis player whose swing negatively affects their ability to perform a cricket shot is displaying which type of skill transfer?

Negative transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is a learner-based cause of performance plateaus?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of effective learning as defined in the context of motor skill acquisition?

Stable performance despite disruptions Signup and view all the answers

Which training approach is essential for enhancing postural control in older adults?

Cultural relevance and task-specific training Signup and view all the answers

In skill transfer, which factor helps improve transfer effectiveness?

Increased similarity between tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are responsible for sensing stretch in a muscle?

Muscle spindle Signup and view all the answers

Where are cones most densely concentrated on the retina?

Fovea Signup and view all the answers

Which type of augmented feedback is defined as knowledge of performance?

Knowledge of performance (KP) Signup and view all the answers

Which photoreceptors are primarily responsible for vision in dim light?

Rods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines stability?

A position that is resistant to disturbance Signup and view all the answers

When is blocked practice considered to outperform random practice?

During skill acquisition Signup and view all the answers

Which systems contribute to maintaining stability?

Sensory/reflexive, Neuromuscular, Musculomechanical, and CNS components Signup and view all the answers

What is the key advantage of variable practice compared to constant practice?

It promotes a better understanding of the relationship between parameters and outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What type of stability is characterized by the center of mass being within a stationary base of support?

Static stability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the concept of 'modelling' in the context of practice?

Watching a skilled person perform a skill Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of bandwidth feedback?

It prompts corrections only when outside predefined criteria. Signup and view all the answers

In sensorimotor integration, which component primarily provides feedforward information?

Vision Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'postural sway' refer to?

Shifting the center of mass within the base of support Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would mental practice alone be most effective?

When there is no opportunity for physical practice. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of practice is known for fostering discovery learning?

Constraint-led practice Signup and view all the answers

What neurological mechanism supports the effectiveness of imagery practice?

Mirror neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of skill acquisition is characterized by consistent performance with few errors?

Autonomic Signup and view all the answers

What happens as a person becomes more expert in performing a skill?

More anticipation of events Signup and view all the answers

In the double stimulation paradigm, what phenomenon causes a delay in response to a second stimulus?

Psychological refractory period Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is primarily involved in recalling facts about different skills?

Semantic memory Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of memory is influenced by whether a movement is discrete or continuous?

Memory organization Signup and view all the answers

Which issue can arise when multiple pieces of information share similar processing resources?

High interference Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the delay in processing a second stimulus due to the first stimulus being processed?

Psychological refractory period Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is specifically related to the mechanics of performing skills, such as riding a bicycle?

Procedural memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Golgi Tendon Organ in muscle function?

It detects tension in tendons and inhibits muscle contraction to prevent damage. Signup and view all the answers

Define proactive control in terms of postural stability.

Proactive control refers to anticipating disturbances to maintain posture. Signup and view all the answers

In Fitts and Posner's model, what characterizes the cognitive stage of learning?

It is marked by high errors, a strong need for attention, and understanding the task. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between positive and negative transfer in motor skills.

Positive transfer occurs when skills from one context help in another, while negative transfer involves skills that interfere with performance. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Challenge Point Hypothesis suggest about task difficulty and learning?

It suggests that learning occurs best when task difficulty aligns with the learner's skill level. Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of the Double-Stimulation Paradigm in reaction time studies?

It explains delayed reactions when two stimuli occur close together, illustrating the psychological refractory period. Signup and view all the answers

Describe what is meant by segmental stability in postural control.

Segmental stability refers to the stability of a specific body segment during postural maintenance. Signup and view all the answers

How does explicit memory differ from implicit memory in the context of skill learning?

Explicit memory involves declarative knowledge, while implicit memory relates to procedural knowledge, such as skills and habits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of retention tests in evaluating motor skills?

Retention tests assess how well a skill is remembered over time. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the role of foveal vision in motor skills execution.

Foveal vision provides high acuity for focusing on objects directly ahead, aiding detailed tasks. Signup and view all the answers

Why is an external focus of attention considered more beneficial for performance compared to an internal focus?

An external focus is believed to enhance automaticity and reduce cognitive load, leading to improved skill execution. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes broad attentional focus from narrow attentional focus?

Broad focus involves attending to multiple cues in the environment, while narrow focus concentrates on a specific task or target. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 'Quiet Eye' period play in skill execution?

The 'Quiet Eye' period is a final fixation that helps enhance the accuracy of the subsequent action by stabilizing gaze. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is blocked practice found to be more effective than random practice?

Blocked practice is more effective during the initial stages of skill acquisition when learners are mastering a new skill. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Knowledge of Results (KR) and Knowledge of Performance (KP)?

KR focuses on the outcome of a skill, while KP emphasizes the process or technique used to perform the skill. Signup and view all the answers

How does bandwidth feedback contribute to an athlete's learning process?

Bandwidth feedback provides information only when performance exceeds a defined range, allowing athletes to self-regulate their learning. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of schema learning in relation to motor skill acquisition.

Schema learning involves creating a generalized motor program through varied practice, enabling flexibility and adaptability in skill execution. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of mental practice in skill development?

Mental practice allows athletes to visualize and rehearse skills without physical execution, enhancing performance and confidence. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does random practice have on skill retention compared to blocked practice?

Random practice enhances retention by promoting better transfer of learning and adaptability to different contexts. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the concept of 'modelling' significant in the context of learning motor skills?

Modelling allows learners to observe and replicate the techniques of skilled performers, aiding in understanding and execution. Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of practice with their corresponding characteristics:

Blocked practice = Practice scheduled in a predictable sequence Random practice = Skills practiced in varied order Variable practice = Involves variations of the same skill Constant practice = Repeatedly practicing the same skill Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of augmented feedback with their definitions:

Knowledge of Results (KR) = Feedback on the outcome of a performance Knowledge of Performance (KP) = Feedback on the quality of movement execution Bandwidth feedback = Feedback that indicates acceptable performance range Descriptive feedback = Provides information about what was done correctly or incorrectly Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of practice styles with their descriptions:

Physical practice = Actual execution of the motor skill Mental practice = Imagining the execution of a skill Modeling = Observing a skilled performer Imaging = Visualizing oneself performing the skill Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of feedback with their correct applications:

Quantitative feedback = Numerical data about performance outcomes Qualitative feedback = Subjective assessments of performance quality Frequency of feedback = How often feedback is given during practice Instructional feedback = Guidance on how to improve performance Signup and view all the answers

Match the learning theories with their corresponding concepts:

Forgetting hypothesis = Better retention through varied practice Generalized motor program (GMP) = Template for organizing movements Schema theory = Understanding the relationship between parameters and outcomes Constraint-led approach = Emphasizes self-discovery through guided practice Signup and view all the answers

Match the stage of skill acquisition with its characteristics:

Cognitive = Unable to detect or correct error Associative = Consistent performance with few errors Autonomic = Can execute task with limited attention Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of memory with its example:

Explicit = Remembering the rules of a game Implicit = Riding a bike Short term = Temporary holding of a phone number Long term = Recalling a childhood event Signup and view all the answers

Match the aspects of information processing with their descriptions:

Multiple channels = High interaction leads to high interference Stimulus onset asynchrony = Time between two stimuli Psychological refractory period = Delay in processing the second stimulus Multiple resources = Handles various types of information simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristic of expert performance with the behavior:

More attention resources used = Expert performance More anticipation = Expert performance More muscle activation = Novice performance More changes in attentional focus = Novice performance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sensory receptors with their functions:

Muscle spindle = Senses stretch in a muscle Golgi Tendon Organ = Monitors muscle tension Joint receptors = Detects joint position and movement Vestibular receptors = Helps maintain balance and spatial orientation Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of motor skills with their properties:

Discrete = Has a clear beginning and end Continuous = No distinct start or finish Serial = A sequence of discrete actions Open = Varies based on environmental conditions Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of vision with their characteristics:

Foveal vision = High acuity central vision Peripheral vision = Vision in the outer edges of the visual field Focal vision = Detailed identification of objects Ambient vision = Movement detection within the environment Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristic of memory to the motor skill type:

Motor = Learning how to swim Non-motor = Memorizing a list of words Explicit = Recalling historical facts Implicit = Executing a dance routine without thinking Signup and view all the answers

Match the cognitive processes with their descriptions:

Attention = Focusing mental resources Perception = Interpreting sensory information Memory = Storing and recalling information Decision making = Choosing a course of action Signup and view all the answers

Match the aspects of stability with their definitions:

Whole body stability = Balance concerning the center of mass and base of support Segmental stability = Stability of individual body parts during movement Joint stability = Maintaining structural integrity of joints Dynamic stability = Movement of the center of mass outside the base of support Signup and view all the answers

Match the relationship of learning to types of task difficulty:

Task complexity = Higher complexity requires more learning time Task difficulty = Increased difficulty may hinder learning Practice variability = More variability enhances adaptability Focus type = External focus often improves performance Signup and view all the answers

Match the visual processing methods with their descriptions:

Visual search = Identifying areas to direct attention Optical flow = Processing movement information without focus Feedforward vision = Anticipatory analysis of tasks Feedback vision = Evaluation of completed actions using visual cues Signup and view all the answers

Match the aspects of the double stimulation paradigm with their effects:

First stimulus = Initiates processing delay Second stimulus = Response is affected by the first Stimulus onset asynchrony = Determines delay length Psychological refractory period = Increases response time Signup and view all the answers

Match the levels of control in postural stability with their characteristics:

Reflexive control = Immediate reactions to disturbances Autonomic control = Regulated by CNS without conscious thought Voluntary control = Conscious adjustments to maintain stability Proactive control = Anticipatory adjustments based on predicted disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics that influence memory to their definitions:

Movement = The nature of the task affects retention Attention = Focus impacts the encoding process Rehearsal = Practicing information promotes memory Organization = Structuring information aids recall Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of postural sway with their definitions:

Static sway = Center of mass within a stationary base of support Dynamic sway = Movement of the center of mass outside the base of support Large postural sway = Indicator of potential dysfunction Postural control systems = Includes sensory and reflex systems for balance Signup and view all the answers

Match the categories of sensory integration with their components:

Sensory integration = Combining input from various sensory modalities CNS components = Central nervous system's role in processing signals Neuromuscular systems = Collaboration between nervous and muscular systems Musculomechanical systems = Physical aspects of muscle performance during movement Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of visual perception with their functions:

What we see = Refers to specific visual details and objects What we perceive = Overall interpretation of visual information Focal vision = Detailed focus for identification of objects Ambient vision = Integration of movement in the surroundings Signup and view all the answers

Match the following attentional focus types with their descriptions:

Internal Broad = Focus on internal thoughts and feelings regarding performance Internal Narrow = Focus on specific techniques or movements internally External Broad = Focus on the external environment and overall strategy External Narrow = Focus on a specific external object or target Signup and view all the answers

Match the following skills with their retention characteristics:

Discrete Skills = Easily forgotten Continuous Skills = Not easily forgotten Motor Skills = Categorized by ease of forgetting Psychological Skills = Relate to mindset and mental strategies Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychological phenomena with their definitions:

Warmup Decrement = Psychological loss of 'set' before performance Selective Attention = Focusing on relevant information while ignoring distractions Quiet Eye = Resting gaze on a target to enhance performance Challenge Point Hypothesis = Maximizing learning benefits through optimal task difficulty Signup and view all the answers

Match the following practices with their types of goals:

Mastery Goals = Focused on developing skill and self-improvement Performance Goals = Targeting specific outcomes compared to others Mental Practice = Visualization techniques to enhance performance Physical Practice = Actual execution of skills during training Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of external focus of attention to their benefits:

External Focus = Improves motor learning and performance Sensory Set = Enhances awareness of sensory feedback Psychological Strategies = Addresses mental barriers during performance Task Representation = Encourages cognitive strategies for skill execution Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forms of practice with their definitions:

Variable Practice = Practicing different variations of a skill Blocked Practice = Focusing on a single skill before moving to the next Random Practice = Mixing different skills in practice sessions Massed Practice = Short rest intervals between practice sessions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of performance issues with their descriptions:

Choking = Performance drop due to high anxiety Plateauing = Stagnation in skill improvement Transfer = Application of a learned skill to a new context Feedback = Information provided to improve performance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following motor skills with their categorization:

Baseball Pitching = Likely to indicate skill retention graph Jump Rope = Demonstrates both discrete and continuous qualities Putting on a T-shirt = Simple motor task with quick retention Opening a Door = A task involving fine motor coordination Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods for reducing warmup decrement with their explanations:

Pre-shot Routines = Sequences performed before executing a skill Minimize Inactivity = Keeping warm to maintain readiness Methods of Re-setting = Techniques to regain focus and confidence Regular Warm-ups = Structured exercises to enhance readiness Signup and view all the answers

Match the balance strategies with their appropriate description:

Ankle strategy = Used during small balance challenges Change-in-support strategy = Involves stepping or grabbing Suspensory strategy = Maintains balance by using a crouched position Ankle-hip flexion strategy = Combines movements from ankle and hip for balance control Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors that affect postural control training in older adults and sports:

Strength training = Effective for older adults Self-confidence = Important in both older adults and sports Cultural relevance = Enhances engagement in older adults Uncertainty = Requires improvement in sports training Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of performance plateaus with their causes:

Learner-based = Fatigue or motivation issues Instructor-based = Influence of teaching style Task-based = Need to learn a new skill Environmental-based = External distractions affecting performance Signup and view all the answers

Match each transfer of skills type with its definition:

Positive transfer = Facilitates performance in a new skill Negative transfer = Hinders performance due to prior experience Bilateral transfer = Skill transfer between limbs Bimanual transfer = Skill transfer involving both limbs simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of effective learning in motor skill acquisition:

Signup and view all the answers

Match the retention test and transfer test with their best contexts:

Retention test = Measures how well skills are retained over time Transfer test = Assesses skill application in new environments Open environment = Ideal for transfer tests Closed environment = Less effective for transfer tests Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors that indicate modifiable versus non-modifiable risk factors for joint injury:

Large Q angle of hips and knees = Non-modifiable risk factor Less robust joint and ligament = Modifiable risk factor with training Unstable landing mechanics = Modifiable through practice Older age = Non-modifiable risk factor Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of motor skill learning as defined by Fitts and Posner:

Cognitive = Initial learning stage focused on understanding Associative = Practice stage with fewer errors Autonomic = High level of proficiency and reduced concentration Feedback provision = Crucial during the cognitive stage Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of skill transfer with examples:

Positive transfer = Hockey to golf improves swing mechanics Negative transfer = Tennis swing affecting cricket shot Bilateral transfer = Practicing with one hand improves the other Neutral transfer = No significant impact on skill performance Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are responsible for adding force production in response to muscle stretch?

Muscle spindle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi Tendon Organ in muscle mechanics?

Protect against muscle injury Signup and view all the answers

Where in the retina are rods primarily concentrated?

Peripheral retina Signup and view all the answers

Which balance strategy is preferred by healthy adults after a minor balance challenge?

Ankle strategy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes the function of cones in the visual system?

Providing color vision Signup and view all the answers

How do muscle spindles contribute to reflex actions?

By providing sensory feedback about muscle length Signup and view all the answers

What balance strategy is characterized by transferring weight to maintain stability?

Change-in-support strategy Signup and view all the answers

What type of vision do rods primarily support?

Scotopic vision Signup and view all the answers

Which photoreceptors are responsible for high visual acuity in bright light?

Cones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors does NOT primarily sense stretch in muscle?

Mechanoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy primarily involves maintaining balance by using movements at the ankle joint?

Ankle strategy Signup and view all the answers

What factor related to joint injuries can be altered through training or rehabilitation?

Unstable landing mechanics Signup and view all the answers

In what environment are transfer tests typically most effective?

In a closed environment Signup and view all the answers

What type of transfer occurs when a player's prior experience positively impacts a new skill?

Positive transfer Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of motor skill acquisition does an individual often struggle to detect their own errors?

Cognitive stage Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to the autonomic stage of learning a motor skill?

Consistent performance with few errors Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely to decrease as a performer becomes an expert in a particular skill?

Attention required Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in a performer transitioning from the associative to the autonomic stage?

Diminished focus on mechanics Signup and view all the answers

Which terminology describes an athlete performing two related skills but at different times?

Bilateral transfer Signup and view all the answers

What might hinder a player from successfully executing a different sport technique due to similarities in motion?

Negative transfer Signup and view all the answers

What does increased muscle activation generally indicate about an individual's skill level?

They are using more attentional resources. Signup and view all the answers

How might an expert differ from a novice when learning a new motor skill?

Experts usually have more frequent changes in attentional focus. Signup and view all the answers

Which practice condition is suggested to yield better performance outcomes according to the challenge point hypothesis?

Maximizing learning benefit with optimal task difficulty. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of focusing intently on a specific target during skill acquisition?

It represents external narrow attention. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of skill retention, which skill is likely to show high retention as per general performance trends?

Baseball pitching. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a structured form of practice?

A stroke patient learning to use utensils. Signup and view all the answers

When is blocked practice observed to be more effective than random practice?

During the early stages of skill acquisition. Signup and view all the answers

What does the focus of attention while learning indicate about one's cognitive processing?

Improved information processing with external narrow focus. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the relationship between task difficulty and learning benefit?

Learning is maximized at optimal levels of task difficulty. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic change might an expert demonstrate as they refine their skills?

Enhanced anticipation and adaptation. Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of attentional focus with their definitions:

Internal focus = Concentration on one's own body movements and mechanics External focus = Concentration on the effect of movements in the environment Broad focus = Attending to multiple stimuli across the environment Narrow focus = Concentration on a specific object or event Signup and view all the answers

Match the practice techniques with their descriptions:

Blocked practice = Repeated practice of the same skill Random practice = Varied practice of different skills Schema learning = Developing a generalized motor program through varied practice Massed practice = Practice with minimal rest intervals Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of augmented feedback with their characteristics:

Knowledge of Results (KR) = Feedback focused on the outcome of performance Knowledge of Performance (KP) = Feedback focused on the movement quality Bandwidth feedback = Feedback provided only when performance is outside acceptable limits Descriptive feedback = General commentary on performance without specific details Signup and view all the answers

Match the practice conditions with their benefits:

Blocked practice = Better during skill acquisition Random practice = Improves retention and transfer of skills Variable practice = Enhances adaptability to different environments Constant practice = Facilitates faster initial learning of a specific skill Signup and view all the answers

Match the focus types with their performance impact:

Internal focus = Can hinder performance by overthinking External focus = Enhances performance by promoting automaticity Broad focus = Facilitates awareness of surroundings during complex tasks Narrow focus = Allows for precision in executing specific actions Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of feedback with their timing:

Knowledge of Results (KR) = Often provided at the end of a trial Knowledge of Performance (KP) = Can be given during practice after each attempt Bandwidth feedback = Given selectively based on performance feedback Concurrent feedback = Provided in real-time during the performance Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects of practice techniques with their outcomes:

Blocked practice = May lead to quick skill acquisition but poor long-term retention Random practice = Enhances retention and skill transfer Variable practice = Improves ability to adapt to changing circumstances Massed practice = Can lead to fatigue and decreased performance over time Signup and view all the answers

Match the definitions of focus types with the skills they apply to:

Internal focus = Best for fine motor skills like shooting External focus = Best for gross motor skills like sprinting Broad focus = Necessary for team sports to recognize teammates and opponents Narrow focus = Ideal for precision tasks like archery Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of feedback with their purposes:

Knowledge of Results (KR) = To inform the learner about success or failure Knowledge of Performance (KP) = To provide guidance on technique improvement Bandwidth feedback = To minimize overload by focusing feedback selectively Summary feedback = To provide overall performance insight after several trials Signup and view all the answers

Match the sensory receptors with their primary function:

Muscle Spindle = Detects changes in muscle length Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) = Inhibits muscle contraction to prevent damage Foveal Vision = High acuity vision focused on objects Peripheral Vision = Detects motion and broad field of view Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of learning with their characteristics according to Fitts and Posner's model:

Cognitive Stage = High errors, understanding the task Associative Stage = Fewer errors, refined performance Autonomic Stage = Smooth, automatic performance Retention Test = Evaluates skill remembrance over time Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of memory with their descriptions:

Explicit Memory = Declarative knowledge about facts and events Implicit Memory = Procedural knowledge involving skills Episodic Memory = Memory of personal experiences and events Semantic Memory = Knowledge of facts and concepts Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of postural control strategies with their definitions:

Fixed Point Strategy = Ankle or hip adjustments Change-in-Support Strategy = Taking a step to regain balance Proactive Control = Anticipates disturbances Reactive Control = Responds to unexpected disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of motor skill transfer with their definitions:

Positive Transfer = Skills learned help in new contexts Negative Transfer = Skills interfere with new performance Bilateral Transfer = Cross-limb skill transfer Task-Based Transfer = Skill application in different tasks Signup and view all the answers

Match the postural stability types with their descriptions:

Whole-body Stability = COM within the base of support Segmental Stability = Stability in a specific body segment Joint Stability = Structural integrity of joints Dynamic Stability = Ability to maintain stability during movement Signup and view all the answers

Match the visual system components with their functions:

Foveal Vision = Used for focusing on details Focal Vision = Identifying objects and details Ambient Vision = Assists in spatial orientation Peripheral Vision = Detects motion around the field of view Signup and view all the answers

Match the learning evaluation methods with their purposes:

Retention Test = Assessing memory of skills over time Transfer Test = Evaluating application of skills to new settings Performance Plateaus = Identifying reasons for stalled progress Instructor-Based Factors = Assessing feedback effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of information processing with their definitions:

Multiple Resource Theory = Interference from shared cognitive resources Double-Stimulation Paradigm = Delayed reaction to rapid stimuli Psychological Refractory Period = Delay in response due to prior stimulus Attentional Focus = Directing cognitive resources to tasks Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of postural strategies with examples:

Fixed Point = Ankle adjustments during a sway Change-in-Support = Stepping to regain balance Proactive = Preparing for a potential push Reactive = Catching oneself after a slip Signup and view all the answers

What type of vision is used for identifying objects and details?

Focal Vision Signup and view all the answers

The Golgi Tendon Organ facilitates muscle contraction to prevent damage.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using proactive control in maintaining posture?

To anticipate changes and maintain stability. Signup and view all the answers

The ability to maintain a position despite disturbances is known as ______.

stability Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of memory with their descriptions:

Explicit Memory = Declarative knowledge Implicit Memory = Procedural knowledge Episodic Memory = Personal experiences Semantic Memory = General knowledge about the world Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner model is characterized by smooth, automatic performance?

Autonomous Stage Signup and view all the answers

Negative transfer occurs when skills learned in one context actually enhance performance in another context.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the Challenge Point Hypothesis suggest about task difficulty?

Learning occurs best when task difficulty matches the learner's skill level. Signup and view all the answers

The ______ detects changes in muscle length and triggers reflexes to prevent overstretching.

Muscle spindle Signup and view all the answers

What type of stability refers to the structural integrity of joints?

Joint Stability Signup and view all the answers

What type of practice involves repeated practice of the same skill and is better during skill acquisition?

Blocked Practice Signup and view all the answers

External focus is considered less effective for performance than internal focus.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback focuses on the outcome of a performance rather than the process?

Knowledge of Results (KR) Signup and view all the answers

_____ practice is known to facilitate retention and transfer of skills through varied practice.

Random Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of feedback with its description:

Knowledge of Results (KR) = Feedback about the outcome of a performance Knowledge of Performance (KP) = Feedback focusing on the quality of movement Bandwidth Feedback = Feedback given only when performance deviates significantly Augmented Feedback = Additional information beyond sensory feedback Signup and view all the answers

Which focus type improves the accuracy of performance by concentrating on the final target?

Quiet Eye Signup and view all the answers

Schema Learning involves performing the same skill repetitively to improve retention.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of bandwidth feedback in performance assessment?

It reduces information overload by providing feedback only when performance is outside acceptable limits. Signup and view all the answers

The term '_____ practice' refers to a practice strategy where different skills are focused on, rather than repeated attempts of the same skill.

Random Signup and view all the answers

Which form of feedback is more beneficial for skill performance: Knowledge of Performance (KP) or Knowledge of Results (KR)?

Knowledge of Performance (KP) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes