Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the challenge point hypothesis, what should be maximized during practice?
According to the challenge point hypothesis, what should be maximized during practice?
- Task difficulty (correct)
- Learning benefit
- Amount of information available
- Practice performance
What type of attentional focus is Ben using when he is intently focused on the birdie while learning a new shot in badminton?
What type of attentional focus is Ben using when he is intently focused on the birdie while learning a new shot in badminton?
- External broad
- Internal narrow
- Internal broad
- External narrow (correct)
Which motor skills are considered hard to forget?
Which motor skills are considered hard to forget?
- Continuous skills (correct)
- Complex skills
- Serial skills
- Discrete skills
What psychological phenomenon describes a loss of 'set' before performing a skill, commonly referred to as warmup decrement?
What psychological phenomenon describes a loss of 'set' before performing a skill, commonly referred to as warmup decrement?
How can one reduce the warmup decrement before performing a skill?
How can one reduce the warmup decrement before performing a skill?
Which skill is most likely represented by a graph indicating high retention?
Which skill is most likely represented by a graph indicating high retention?
What is a primary goal of promoting an external focus of attention during practice?
What is a primary goal of promoting an external focus of attention during practice?
Which of the following best differentiates between training and practice?
Which of the following best differentiates between training and practice?
What balance strategy is typically utilized by a healthy young adult following a small balance challenge?
What balance strategy is typically utilized by a healthy young adult following a small balance challenge?
Which of the following is considered a modifiable risk factor for joint injury?
Which of the following is considered a modifiable risk factor for joint injury?
Transfer tests should ideally be performed in which environment for optimal assessment?
Transfer tests should ideally be performed in which environment for optimal assessment?
A tennis player whose swing negatively affects their ability to perform a cricket shot is displaying which type of skill transfer?
A tennis player whose swing negatively affects their ability to perform a cricket shot is displaying which type of skill transfer?
Which of the following factors is a learner-based cause of performance plateaus?
Which of the following factors is a learner-based cause of performance plateaus?
What is a key characteristic of effective learning as defined in the context of motor skill acquisition?
What is a key characteristic of effective learning as defined in the context of motor skill acquisition?
Which training approach is essential for enhancing postural control in older adults?
Which training approach is essential for enhancing postural control in older adults?
In skill transfer, which factor helps improve transfer effectiveness?
In skill transfer, which factor helps improve transfer effectiveness?
Which receptors are responsible for sensing stretch in a muscle?
Which receptors are responsible for sensing stretch in a muscle?
Where are cones most densely concentrated on the retina?
Where are cones most densely concentrated on the retina?
Which type of augmented feedback is defined as knowledge of performance?
Which type of augmented feedback is defined as knowledge of performance?
Which photoreceptors are primarily responsible for vision in dim light?
Which photoreceptors are primarily responsible for vision in dim light?
Which of the following defines stability?
Which of the following defines stability?
When is blocked practice considered to outperform random practice?
When is blocked practice considered to outperform random practice?
Which systems contribute to maintaining stability?
Which systems contribute to maintaining stability?
What is the key advantage of variable practice compared to constant practice?
What is the key advantage of variable practice compared to constant practice?
What type of stability is characterized by the center of mass being within a stationary base of support?
What type of stability is characterized by the center of mass being within a stationary base of support?
Which of the following describes the concept of 'modelling' in the context of practice?
Which of the following describes the concept of 'modelling' in the context of practice?
What is a primary characteristic of bandwidth feedback?
What is a primary characteristic of bandwidth feedback?
In sensorimotor integration, which component primarily provides feedforward information?
In sensorimotor integration, which component primarily provides feedforward information?
What does the term 'postural sway' refer to?
What does the term 'postural sway' refer to?
In which scenario would mental practice alone be most effective?
In which scenario would mental practice alone be most effective?
Which aspect of practice is known for fostering discovery learning?
Which aspect of practice is known for fostering discovery learning?
What neurological mechanism supports the effectiveness of imagery practice?
What neurological mechanism supports the effectiveness of imagery practice?
Which stage of skill acquisition is characterized by consistent performance with few errors?
Which stage of skill acquisition is characterized by consistent performance with few errors?
What happens as a person becomes more expert in performing a skill?
What happens as a person becomes more expert in performing a skill?
In the double stimulation paradigm, what phenomenon causes a delay in response to a second stimulus?
In the double stimulation paradigm, what phenomenon causes a delay in response to a second stimulus?
Which type of memory is primarily involved in recalling facts about different skills?
Which type of memory is primarily involved in recalling facts about different skills?
What characteristic of memory is influenced by whether a movement is discrete or continuous?
What characteristic of memory is influenced by whether a movement is discrete or continuous?
Which issue can arise when multiple pieces of information share similar processing resources?
Which issue can arise when multiple pieces of information share similar processing resources?
What is the term for the delay in processing a second stimulus due to the first stimulus being processed?
What is the term for the delay in processing a second stimulus due to the first stimulus being processed?
Which type of memory is specifically related to the mechanics of performing skills, such as riding a bicycle?
Which type of memory is specifically related to the mechanics of performing skills, such as riding a bicycle?
What is the primary role of the Golgi Tendon Organ in muscle function?
What is the primary role of the Golgi Tendon Organ in muscle function?
Define proactive control in terms of postural stability.
Define proactive control in terms of postural stability.
In Fitts and Posner's model, what characterizes the cognitive stage of learning?
In Fitts and Posner's model, what characterizes the cognitive stage of learning?
Explain the difference between positive and negative transfer in motor skills.
Explain the difference between positive and negative transfer in motor skills.
What does the Challenge Point Hypothesis suggest about task difficulty and learning?
What does the Challenge Point Hypothesis suggest about task difficulty and learning?
What are the implications of the Double-Stimulation Paradigm in reaction time studies?
What are the implications of the Double-Stimulation Paradigm in reaction time studies?
Describe what is meant by segmental stability in postural control.
Describe what is meant by segmental stability in postural control.
How does explicit memory differ from implicit memory in the context of skill learning?
How does explicit memory differ from implicit memory in the context of skill learning?
What is the main purpose of retention tests in evaluating motor skills?
What is the main purpose of retention tests in evaluating motor skills?
Identify the role of foveal vision in motor skills execution.
Identify the role of foveal vision in motor skills execution.
Why is an external focus of attention considered more beneficial for performance compared to an internal focus?
Why is an external focus of attention considered more beneficial for performance compared to an internal focus?
What distinguishes broad attentional focus from narrow attentional focus?
What distinguishes broad attentional focus from narrow attentional focus?
What role does the 'Quiet Eye' period play in skill execution?
What role does the 'Quiet Eye' period play in skill execution?
In what scenario is blocked practice found to be more effective than random practice?
In what scenario is blocked practice found to be more effective than random practice?
What is the primary difference between Knowledge of Results (KR) and Knowledge of Performance (KP)?
What is the primary difference between Knowledge of Results (KR) and Knowledge of Performance (KP)?
How does bandwidth feedback contribute to an athlete's learning process?
How does bandwidth feedback contribute to an athlete's learning process?
Explain the concept of schema learning in relation to motor skill acquisition.
Explain the concept of schema learning in relation to motor skill acquisition.
What is the importance of mental practice in skill development?
What is the importance of mental practice in skill development?
What impact does random practice have on skill retention compared to blocked practice?
What impact does random practice have on skill retention compared to blocked practice?
Why is the concept of 'modelling' significant in the context of learning motor skills?
Why is the concept of 'modelling' significant in the context of learning motor skills?
Match the types of practice with their corresponding characteristics:
Match the types of practice with their corresponding characteristics:
Match the types of augmented feedback with their definitions:
Match the types of augmented feedback with their definitions:
Match the types of practice styles with their descriptions:
Match the types of practice styles with their descriptions:
Match the types of feedback with their correct applications:
Match the types of feedback with their correct applications:
Match the learning theories with their corresponding concepts:
Match the learning theories with their corresponding concepts:
Match the stage of skill acquisition with its characteristics:
Match the stage of skill acquisition with its characteristics:
Match the type of memory with its example:
Match the type of memory with its example:
Match the aspects of information processing with their descriptions:
Match the aspects of information processing with their descriptions:
Match the characteristic of expert performance with the behavior:
Match the characteristic of expert performance with the behavior:
Match the following sensory receptors with their functions:
Match the following sensory receptors with their functions:
Match the type of motor skills with their properties:
Match the type of motor skills with their properties:
Match the types of vision with their characteristics:
Match the types of vision with their characteristics:
Match the characteristic of memory to the motor skill type:
Match the characteristic of memory to the motor skill type:
Match the cognitive processes with their descriptions:
Match the cognitive processes with their descriptions:
Match the aspects of stability with their definitions:
Match the aspects of stability with their definitions:
Match the relationship of learning to types of task difficulty:
Match the relationship of learning to types of task difficulty:
Match the visual processing methods with their descriptions:
Match the visual processing methods with their descriptions:
Match the aspects of the double stimulation paradigm with their effects:
Match the aspects of the double stimulation paradigm with their effects:
Match the levels of control in postural stability with their characteristics:
Match the levels of control in postural stability with their characteristics:
Match the characteristics that influence memory to their definitions:
Match the characteristics that influence memory to their definitions:
Match the types of postural sway with their definitions:
Match the types of postural sway with their definitions:
Match the categories of sensory integration with their components:
Match the categories of sensory integration with their components:
Match the types of visual perception with their functions:
Match the types of visual perception with their functions:
Match the following attentional focus types with their descriptions:
Match the following attentional focus types with their descriptions:
Match the following skills with their retention characteristics:
Match the following skills with their retention characteristics:
Match the following psychological phenomena with their definitions:
Match the following psychological phenomena with their definitions:
Match the following practices with their types of goals:
Match the following practices with their types of goals:
Match the following types of external focus of attention to their benefits:
Match the following types of external focus of attention to their benefits:
Match the following forms of practice with their definitions:
Match the following forms of practice with their definitions:
Match the following types of performance issues with their descriptions:
Match the following types of performance issues with their descriptions:
Match the following motor skills with their categorization:
Match the following motor skills with their categorization:
Match the following methods for reducing warmup decrement with their explanations:
Match the following methods for reducing warmup decrement with their explanations:
Match the balance strategies with their appropriate description:
Match the balance strategies with their appropriate description:
Match the factors that affect postural control training in older adults and sports:
Match the factors that affect postural control training in older adults and sports:
Match the types of performance plateaus with their causes:
Match the types of performance plateaus with their causes:
Match each transfer of skills type with its definition:
Match each transfer of skills type with its definition:
Match the characteristics of effective learning in motor skill acquisition:
Match the characteristics of effective learning in motor skill acquisition:
Match the retention test and transfer test with their best contexts:
Match the retention test and transfer test with their best contexts:
Match the factors that indicate modifiable versus non-modifiable risk factors for joint injury:
Match the factors that indicate modifiable versus non-modifiable risk factors for joint injury:
Match the stages of motor skill learning as defined by Fitts and Posner:
Match the stages of motor skill learning as defined by Fitts and Posner:
Match the types of skill transfer with examples:
Match the types of skill transfer with examples:
Which receptors are responsible for adding force production in response to muscle stretch?
Which receptors are responsible for adding force production in response to muscle stretch?
What is the primary function of the Golgi Tendon Organ in muscle mechanics?
What is the primary function of the Golgi Tendon Organ in muscle mechanics?
Where in the retina are rods primarily concentrated?
Where in the retina are rods primarily concentrated?
Which balance strategy is preferred by healthy adults after a minor balance challenge?
Which balance strategy is preferred by healthy adults after a minor balance challenge?
Which of the following characterizes the function of cones in the visual system?
Which of the following characterizes the function of cones in the visual system?
How do muscle spindles contribute to reflex actions?
How do muscle spindles contribute to reflex actions?
What balance strategy is characterized by transferring weight to maintain stability?
What balance strategy is characterized by transferring weight to maintain stability?
What type of vision do rods primarily support?
What type of vision do rods primarily support?
Which photoreceptors are responsible for high visual acuity in bright light?
Which photoreceptors are responsible for high visual acuity in bright light?
Which of the following receptors does NOT primarily sense stretch in muscle?
Which of the following receptors does NOT primarily sense stretch in muscle?
Which strategy primarily involves maintaining balance by using movements at the ankle joint?
Which strategy primarily involves maintaining balance by using movements at the ankle joint?
What factor related to joint injuries can be altered through training or rehabilitation?
What factor related to joint injuries can be altered through training or rehabilitation?
In what environment are transfer tests typically most effective?
In what environment are transfer tests typically most effective?
What type of transfer occurs when a player's prior experience positively impacts a new skill?
What type of transfer occurs when a player's prior experience positively impacts a new skill?
During which stage of motor skill acquisition does an individual often struggle to detect their own errors?
During which stage of motor skill acquisition does an individual often struggle to detect their own errors?
Which characteristic is unique to the autonomic stage of learning a motor skill?
Which characteristic is unique to the autonomic stage of learning a motor skill?
Which factor is most likely to decrease as a performer becomes an expert in a particular skill?
Which factor is most likely to decrease as a performer becomes an expert in a particular skill?
What is typically observed in a performer transitioning from the associative to the autonomic stage?
What is typically observed in a performer transitioning from the associative to the autonomic stage?
Which terminology describes an athlete performing two related skills but at different times?
Which terminology describes an athlete performing two related skills but at different times?
What might hinder a player from successfully executing a different sport technique due to similarities in motion?
What might hinder a player from successfully executing a different sport technique due to similarities in motion?
What does increased muscle activation generally indicate about an individual's skill level?
What does increased muscle activation generally indicate about an individual's skill level?
How might an expert differ from a novice when learning a new motor skill?
How might an expert differ from a novice when learning a new motor skill?
Which practice condition is suggested to yield better performance outcomes according to the challenge point hypothesis?
Which practice condition is suggested to yield better performance outcomes according to the challenge point hypothesis?
What is the implication of focusing intently on a specific target during skill acquisition?
What is the implication of focusing intently on a specific target during skill acquisition?
In the context of skill retention, which skill is likely to show high retention as per general performance trends?
In the context of skill retention, which skill is likely to show high retention as per general performance trends?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a structured form of practice?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a structured form of practice?
When is blocked practice observed to be more effective than random practice?
When is blocked practice observed to be more effective than random practice?
What does the focus of attention while learning indicate about one's cognitive processing?
What does the focus of attention while learning indicate about one's cognitive processing?
Which statement is true about the relationship between task difficulty and learning benefit?
Which statement is true about the relationship between task difficulty and learning benefit?
What characteristic change might an expert demonstrate as they refine their skills?
What characteristic change might an expert demonstrate as they refine their skills?
Match the types of attentional focus with their definitions:
Match the types of attentional focus with their definitions:
Match the practice techniques with their descriptions:
Match the practice techniques with their descriptions:
Match the types of augmented feedback with their characteristics:
Match the types of augmented feedback with their characteristics:
Match the practice conditions with their benefits:
Match the practice conditions with their benefits:
Match the focus types with their performance impact:
Match the focus types with their performance impact:
Match the types of feedback with their timing:
Match the types of feedback with their timing:
Match the effects of practice techniques with their outcomes:
Match the effects of practice techniques with their outcomes:
Match the definitions of focus types with the skills they apply to:
Match the definitions of focus types with the skills they apply to:
Match the types of feedback with their purposes:
Match the types of feedback with their purposes:
Match the sensory receptors with their primary function:
Match the sensory receptors with their primary function:
Match the stages of learning with their characteristics according to Fitts and Posner's model:
Match the stages of learning with their characteristics according to Fitts and Posner's model:
Match the types of memory with their descriptions:
Match the types of memory with their descriptions:
Match the types of postural control strategies with their definitions:
Match the types of postural control strategies with their definitions:
Match the types of motor skill transfer with their definitions:
Match the types of motor skill transfer with their definitions:
Match the postural stability types with their descriptions:
Match the postural stability types with their descriptions:
Match the visual system components with their functions:
Match the visual system components with their functions:
Match the learning evaluation methods with their purposes:
Match the learning evaluation methods with their purposes:
Match the components of information processing with their definitions:
Match the components of information processing with their definitions:
Match the types of postural strategies with examples:
Match the types of postural strategies with examples:
What type of vision is used for identifying objects and details?
What type of vision is used for identifying objects and details?
The Golgi Tendon Organ facilitates muscle contraction to prevent damage.
The Golgi Tendon Organ facilitates muscle contraction to prevent damage.
What is the primary goal of using proactive control in maintaining posture?
What is the primary goal of using proactive control in maintaining posture?
The ability to maintain a position despite disturbances is known as ______.
The ability to maintain a position despite disturbances is known as ______.
Match the following types of memory with their descriptions:
Match the following types of memory with their descriptions:
Which stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner model is characterized by smooth, automatic performance?
Which stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner model is characterized by smooth, automatic performance?
Negative transfer occurs when skills learned in one context actually enhance performance in another context.
Negative transfer occurs when skills learned in one context actually enhance performance in another context.
What does the Challenge Point Hypothesis suggest about task difficulty?
What does the Challenge Point Hypothesis suggest about task difficulty?
The ______ detects changes in muscle length and triggers reflexes to prevent overstretching.
The ______ detects changes in muscle length and triggers reflexes to prevent overstretching.
What type of stability refers to the structural integrity of joints?
What type of stability refers to the structural integrity of joints?
What type of practice involves repeated practice of the same skill and is better during skill acquisition?
What type of practice involves repeated practice of the same skill and is better during skill acquisition?
External focus is considered less effective for performance than internal focus.
External focus is considered less effective for performance than internal focus.
What type of feedback focuses on the outcome of a performance rather than the process?
What type of feedback focuses on the outcome of a performance rather than the process?
_____ practice is known to facilitate retention and transfer of skills through varied practice.
_____ practice is known to facilitate retention and transfer of skills through varied practice.
Match the type of feedback with its description:
Match the type of feedback with its description:
Which focus type improves the accuracy of performance by concentrating on the final target?
Which focus type improves the accuracy of performance by concentrating on the final target?
Schema Learning involves performing the same skill repetitively to improve retention.
Schema Learning involves performing the same skill repetitively to improve retention.
What is the benefit of bandwidth feedback in performance assessment?
What is the benefit of bandwidth feedback in performance assessment?
The term '_____ practice' refers to a practice strategy where different skills are focused on, rather than repeated attempts of the same skill.
The term '_____ practice' refers to a practice strategy where different skills are focused on, rather than repeated attempts of the same skill.
Which form of feedback is more beneficial for skill performance: Knowledge of Performance (KP) or Knowledge of Results (KR)?
Which form of feedback is more beneficial for skill performance: Knowledge of Performance (KP) or Knowledge of Results (KR)?
Flashcards
Proprioceptors
Proprioceptors
Sensory receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about body position and movement.
Muscle Spindle
Muscle Spindle
A proprioceptor embedded within muscle fibers that detects muscle stretch and rate of stretch. It contributes to the stretch reflex, which helps maintain muscle tone and prevent overstretching.
Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
A proprioceptor located in the tendon, which detects muscle tension. It contributes to the inverse stretch reflex, protecting muscles from excessive force.
Vestibular System
Vestibular System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fovea
Fovea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rods
Rods
Signup and view all the flashcards
Optical Flow
Optical Flow
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stability (Postural Control)
Stability (Postural Control)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postural Control Strategies
Postural Control Strategies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fixed Point Strategy
Fixed Point Strategy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Change-in-Support Strategy
Change-in-Support Strategy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Performance Plateaus
Performance Plateaus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Learner-Based Plateau
Learner-Based Plateau
Signup and view all the flashcards
Instructor-Based Plateau
Instructor-Based Plateau
Signup and view all the flashcards
Task-Based Plateau
Task-Based Plateau
Signup and view all the flashcards
Transfer of Skills
Transfer of Skills
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cognitive Stage
Cognitive Stage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Associative Stage
Associative Stage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Autonomic Stage
Autonomic Stage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Multiple Resource Theory
Multiple Resource Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Double Stimulation Paradigm
Double Stimulation Paradigm
Signup and view all the flashcards
Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)
Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Explicit Memory
Explicit Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knowledge of Results (KR)
Knowledge of Results (KR)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knowledge of Performance (KP)
Knowledge of Performance (KP)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bandwidth in Feedback
Bandwidth in Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Descriptive Feedback
Descriptive Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prescriptive Feedback
Prescriptive Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Variable Practice
Variable Practice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blocked Practice
Blocked Practice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Random Practice
Random Practice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Challenge Point Hypothesis
Challenge Point Hypothesis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Warm-up Decrement
Warm-up Decrement
Signup and view all the flashcards
Internal vs External Focus
Internal vs External Focus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quiet Eye
Quiet Eye
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sustained Attention
Sustained Attention
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensory Set
Sensory Set
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mastery vs Performance Goals
Mastery vs Performance Goals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Choking
Choking
Signup and view all the flashcards
Foveal Vision
Foveal Vision
Signup and view all the flashcards
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision
Signup and view all the flashcards
Positive Transfer
Positive Transfer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cognitive Stage of Learning
Cognitive Stage of Learning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Schema Learning
Schema Learning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Choking Under Pressure
Choking Under Pressure
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the two major visual pathways?
What are the two major visual pathways?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is optical flow?
What is optical flow?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is vision used for feedback and feedforward?
How is vision used for feedback and feedforward?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the three levels of postural control?
What are the three levels of postural control?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the major systems involved in postural control?
What are the major systems involved in postural control?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is stability?
What is stability?
Signup and view all the flashcards
During postural sway, how is stability maintained?
During postural sway, how is stability maintained?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the two types of visual search?
What are the two types of visual search?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Beginners vs Experts: Challenge Point
Beginners vs Experts: Challenge Point
Signup and view all the flashcards
Practice: Maximizing Learning Benefit
Practice: Maximizing Learning Benefit
Signup and view all the flashcards
Types of Attention: Internal vs External
Types of Attention: Internal vs External
Signup and view all the flashcards
External Focus: Better for Learning
External Focus: Better for Learning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quiet Eye: Targeted Gaze
Quiet Eye: Targeted Gaze
Signup and view all the flashcards
Discrete vs Continuous Skills: Memory
Discrete vs Continuous Skills: Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Warm-up Decrement: Loss of 'Set'
Warm-up Decrement: Loss of 'Set'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sustained Attention: The Limit
Sustained Attention: The Limit
Signup and view all the flashcards
Instructional Techniques: Promote External Focus
Instructional Techniques: Promote External Focus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reactive Postural Control
Reactive Postural Control
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ankle Strategy
Ankle Strategy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why does thinking about balance make it worse?
Why does thinking about balance make it worse?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Effective Postural Control Training for Older Adults
Effective Postural Control Training for Older Adults
Signup and view all the flashcards
Associative Stage of Learning
Associative Stage of Learning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Autonomic Stage of Learning
Autonomic Stage of Learning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Augmented Feedback
Augmented Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Expert vs. Novice Players
Expert vs. Novice Players
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stages of Skill Learning
Stages of Skill Learning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Types of Memory
Types of Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Information Processing: Multiple Resource Theory
Information Processing: Multiple Resource Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knowledge Structure and Expert Performance
Knowledge Structure and Expert Performance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Attention Focus: Internal vs. External
Attention Focus: Internal vs. External
Signup and view all the flashcards
External Focus for Learning
External Focus for Learning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quiet Eye: The Focus Before Action
Quiet Eye: The Focus Before Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Where are Cones Most Dense?
Where are Cones Most Dense?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which Photoreceptors Work in Dim Light?
Which Photoreceptors Work in Dim Light?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suspensory Strategy
Suspensory Strategy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ankle-Hip Flexion Strategy
Ankle-Hip Flexion Strategy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Transfer Tests
Transfer Tests
Signup and view all the flashcards
Negative Transfer
Negative Transfer
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens to attention as someone masters a skill?
What happens to attention as someone masters a skill?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What should you maximize during practice according to the challenge point hypothesis?
What should you maximize during practice according to the challenge point hypothesis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What type of attentional focus is Ben using while focusing on the birdie?
What type of attentional focus is Ben using while focusing on the birdie?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What skill is likely represented by a graph showing rapid decline in retention?
What skill is likely represented by a graph showing rapid decline in retention?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which activity counts as practice?
Which activity counts as practice?
Signup and view all the flashcards
When does blocked practice outperform random practice?
When does blocked practice outperform random practice?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is 'warm-up decrement'?
What is 'warm-up decrement'?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is 'quiet eye'?
What is 'quiet eye'?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the difference between internal and external focus?
What is the difference between internal and external focus?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does external focus generally affect learning?
How does external focus generally affect learning?
Signup and view all the flashcards
External Focus for Performance
External Focus for Performance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quiet Eye: The Target Focus
Quiet Eye: The Target Focus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blocked Practice: Mastering the Move
Blocked Practice: Mastering the Move
Signup and view all the flashcards
Random Practice: Mixing It Up
Random Practice: Mixing It Up
Signup and view all the flashcards
Schema Learning: The Motor Plan
Schema Learning: The Motor Plan
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knowledge of Results (KR): Outcome Feedback
Knowledge of Results (KR): Outcome Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knowledge of Performance (KP): Process Feedback
Knowledge of Performance (KP): Process Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bandwidth Feedback: Error Correction Zone
Bandwidth Feedback: Error Correction Zone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Internal vs. External Focus: Where to Look
Internal vs. External Focus: Where to Look
Signup and view all the flashcards
Improving Postural Control in Older Adults
Improving Postural Control in Older Adults
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ambient Vision
Ambient Vision
Signup and view all the flashcards
Whole-body Stability
Whole-body Stability
Signup and view all the flashcards
Segmental Stability
Segmental Stability
Signup and view all the flashcards
External Focus: Better for Performance
External Focus: Better for Performance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bandwidth Feedback: Allowing Some Error
Bandwidth Feedback: Allowing Some Error
Signup and view all the flashcards
Practice Techniques: Blocked vs Random
Practice Techniques: Blocked vs Random
Signup and view all the flashcards
Muscle Spindle Function
Muscle Spindle Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
GTO Function
GTO Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postural Strategies
Postural Strategies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retention Test
Retention Test
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Final Exam Review - PHYL 4518
- The final exam for PHYL 4518 covers units 6-10.
- The exam consists of 44 multiple-choice questions and 8 short-answer questions (worth 21 marks).
Sensory Systems
- Assess the function and role of sensory receptors in movement.
- Proprioceptors:
- Muscle spindle: Detects changes in muscle length.
- Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO): Detects tension in tendons to prevent muscle damage.
- Vestibular system
- Visual system:
- Foveal vision: High acuity vision for focusing direct objects.
- Peripheral vision: Detects motion and provides a broader field of view.
- Focal vision: Identifying objects and details.
- Ambient vision: Spatial orientation and movement detection.
- Sensory and reflex systems are responsible for postural changes.
Study Question - Q6
- Which receptors sense stretch in a muscle and add force production?
- Muscle spindle
- Golgi Tendon Organ
- Joint receptors
- Vestibular receptors
Study Question - Q7 & Q8
- Q7: Where are cones most densely concentrated?
- Fovea
- Q8: Which photoreceptors are primarily responsible for dim light vision?
- Rods
Vision
- Differentiate between the ways we process visual information:
- Visual search: Identifying areas to focus attention.
- Optical flow: Processing location and movement information without requiring much attention.
- Use of vision for feedforward and feedback: Vision as the best feedforward information.
Sensorimotor Integration
- Know what and where sensorimotor integration can occur.
- Sensory integration is the interaction between sensory input and motor commands. Areas of Sensorimotor Integration include:
- Vision
- Skin sensory receptors
- Muscle spindle
- Golgi tendon organ
Postural Control
- Define Stability: A position resistant to disturbance, returning to the normal state after disruption.
- Types of stability:
- Whole body stability (balance) – Center of Mass (COM) and base of support (BoS).
- Segmental stability – firm foundation for other body parts
- Joint stability – structural integrity of joints.
- Static vs. Dynamic COM (Center of Mass):
- Static: COM within stationary BoS.
- Dynamic: COM moves outside the BoS, or the BoS moves.
Postural Control Training
- Know how to make postural control training effective for older adults (strength training, self-confidence, cultural/task-specific relevance).
- Know how to make postural control training effective in sports (proactive/reactive control, uncertainty, rapid decision making).
- Benefits of postural control training for athletes – slight improvement in performance, reduced risk of injury, understanding modifiable vs. non-modifiable risks for joint injury.
Study Question - Q9
- Healthy young adults utilize ankle strategy, change-in-support strategy, and suspensory strategy, or ankle-hip flexion strategy to maintain balance after a small balance challenge.
Study Question - Q10
- Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for joint injury?
- Large Q angle of hips and knees
- Unstable landing mechanics
Learning
- Learning is assessed through inferred performance over time:
- Persistence
- Consistency
- Stability during disruptions
- Adaptability to skill changes
- Retention tests and transfer tests measure learning.
Study Question - Q11
- Transfer tests are best performed in an open environment, within a closed environment, with advanced warning, and all of the above.
Plateaus
- Understand the causes of performance plateaus and how to identify the causes:
- Learner-based: Fatigue or motivation.
- Instructor-based: Ineffective feedback or tests.
- Task-based: Skill complexity or constraints.
Transfer
- Explain different types of transfer: Positive, Negative, Neutral.
- Impact on effectiveness of transfer:
- Bilateral across body – useful in athletics/rehab
- Synergies – may help or impair transfer
- Similarities in transfer
Study Question - Q12
- A tennis player whose swing style inhibits their ability to hit a good cricket shot displays negative transfer.
Learning and Expertise
- Recognize the stages of motor skill learning (cognitive, associative, autonomous) to understand changes in skill development.
- Factors influencing expertise: Knowledge structure, information processing, goals.
Study Question - Q13
- Match the stage of motor skill learning with its characteristics:
- Cognitive: Unable to detect or correct error, limited attention, task knowledge improvement over motor performance.
- Associative: Consistent performance with few errors, association of body actions with movement.
- Autonomous: (Characteristics not provided)
Study Question - Q14
- Expert skill development: Increased attention resources, anticipation, changes in attention focus, and muscle activation are involved.
Information Processing
- Understand multiple resource theory (multiple channels for information processing), interference among similar resources, and high interaction and/or high interference.
Double Stimulation Paradigm
- What happens and why in the double stimulation paradigm (psychological refractory period, stimulus onset asynchrony).
Memory
- Know different types of memory
- Motor and non-motor aspects, Short term and Long term, Explicit (episodic and semantic), Implicit/Procedural.
- Factors influencing motor memory:
- Movement (discrete vs. continuous)
- Remembering strategies (key strategies)
- Practice strategies
- Challenge point hypothesis – optimal task difficulty, learner skill level, learning benefit, and availability of information.
Study Question - Q15
- Maximize task difficulty, practice performance, availability of information, and learning benefit for optimal practice according to the challenge point hypothesis.
Attention
- Categorize focus of attention (internal vs. external, broad vs. narrow). External focus is generally better for performance.
- Understand selective attention mechanism.
- Introduce the quiet eye.
Study Question - Q16
- Ben's focused attention on the birdie (shuttlecock) while learning a new badminton shot during practice exemplifies internal narrow focus.
Memory and Attention
- Recognize differences in forgetting rates between motor skills (discrete vs. continuous skills).
- Understand warm-up decrement (psychological loss of set). Reduced using pre-shot routines, minimizing inactivity, and re-setting strategies.
- Recognize sustained attention (e.g., WWII radar operator studies).
- Learn factors affecting sustained attention.
Study Question - Q17
- The graph depicts the retention of skill over time in various scenarios with examples: jumping rope, baseball pitching, putting on a t-shirt, opening a door.
Instructional Techniques
- Differentiate between training and practice. Instructional techniques (promoting external focus, sensory set, mental practice, mastery vs. performance goals).
- Understand influence of arousal/anxiety on performance (choking).
Study Question - Q18
- A form of practice includes: a stroke patient attempting to re-learn how to brush their teeth, a cardiac rehab patient on a stationary bicycle aiming to increase their heart rate, a basketball team running sprints, and a football player lifting weights.
Augmented Feedback
- Understand Augmented Feedback (types, components, when to use each):
- Knowledge of results (KR) / Knowledge of performance (KP)
- Bandwidth for correction (beginner's need more bandwidth)
- Instructional nature
- Descriptive vs. prescriptive
- Quantitative vs. qualitative
- Frequency
Practice
- Learning to apply principles of schema learning for generalized motor programs (GMP).
- Variable vs. constant practice (variable practice is superior).
- Understanding the relationship between parameters and the outcome.
- Wider parameter mapping.
- Difference between blocked vs. random practice.
- Theories for retention advantages of random practice, e.g., forgetting.
Study Question - Q19
- Blocked practice often outperforms random practice in skill acquisition and immediate retention; random practice may lead to better retention.
Practice (Cont.)
- Identify and understand modelling, imagery, mirror neurons.
- Various practice styles like constraint-led, discovery learning.
Study Question - Q20
- Mental practice + physical practice generally results in the fastest learning.
Reminders
- Quiz #6 is due tonight, with answers available by Tuesday morning.
- Quizzes 1–6 and participation grades are available by Tuesday morning.
- The final exam is scheduled for December 17 (Tuesday), 9 am to 11 am, in Y314.
- Students need to bring a pencil, eraser, Scantron, and OneCard on exam day.
- Exams are closed-book and no notes are permitted.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Prepare for your PHYL 4518 final exam with this comprehensive review covering units 6-10. This quiz features multiple-choice and short-answer questions focused on motor learning, sensory systems, proprioception, and visual processing. Test your knowledge on key concepts like muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and visual perception.
