Final Exam Review: Exceptions and Generators

An accumulator stores information computed in the for-loop and retains it after the loop completes.

An assert statement checks if a boolean expression is true; if false, it raises an error and can include an error message.

Instance attributes belong to individual objects, while class attributes are shared across all instances of the class.

<p>Attribute invariants are conditions that maintain certain constraints on attributes to ensure they meet specific requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bottom-Up Rule determines the method or attribute to use in an expression based on the object's class hierarchy, starting from the object's class to the parent classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hiding attributes (using underscores) promotes encapsulation and prevents direct modification, allowing the use of getter and setter methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attributes store data or state specific to an object, providing a structure for characteristics and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An accumulator is initialized before the loop, and within the loop, it aggregates values, such as: <code>total = 0; for x in range(5): total += x</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A call frame is a formal representation used during a function call, containing the function's name, parameters, local variables, and an instruction counter to track the next line to execute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The call stack is a collection of all the call frames of currently executing function calls, arranged such that the original function is at the top and the most recent call is at the bottom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Once a function call is completed, the call frame is deleted or erased from the memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a function calls a helper function, a new call frame is added to the bottom of the call stack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The instruction counter in a call frame tracks the next line of code to be executed in the function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If an attribute or method is found in multiple locations, Python uses the first one it encounters in the search order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A constructor is a special function that creates an object for a class, initializes it in heap space, and returns the object's name.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The <strong>init</strong> method is an initializer that executes automatically when a new object is created, setting the initial values of the object's attributes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A call frame stores information about a function call, including local variables, parameters, and the return address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The call stack grows with each recursive call by adding new call frames, and shrinks when functions return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The return address indicates where the program should continue execution after the function call returns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local variables are deallocated and cannot be accessed once the call frame is removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The call stack contains call frames for each called function, with the most recent call on top.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visualization helps track the values of parameters and local variables at each level of recursion, making it easier to identify errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Call frames reside in the stack segment of memory, while global variables are stored in the global space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A call frame remains extended during a long-running recursive call that hasn't reached a base case.</p> Signup and view all the answers