Questions and Answers
What happens to electrons with a configuration of $s^2 3d$?
Which of the following elements are exceptions for the electron configuration?
What are the three causes for ionization energy exceptions?
Shielding, Number of Protons, Distant, Repulsion
Explain the ionization energy exception for shielding.
Signup and view all the answers
Which pairs show exceptions in ionization energies for shielding?
Signup and view all the answers
Ionization energy exceptions for shielding occur in configurations changing from s2 to p1.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ionization energy exception related to protons?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the ionization energy exception related to distance indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which pairs exhibit ionization energy exceptions for distance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the cause of the decrease in ionization energy related to repulsion?
Signup and view all the answers
Identify the pairs that indicate ionization energy exceptions due to repulsion.
Signup and view all the answers
In which configurations do exceptions for repulsion as a cause of decreased ionization energy occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe the atomic radius exception that occurs in 3d10 to 4p1.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the reason for exceptions in electron affinity?
Signup and view all the answers
Electron affinity exceptions can occur in which configurations?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Electron Configuration Exceptions
- Electrons typically transition from s² 3d to s¹ 3d¹⁰.
- Notable elements for electron configuration exceptions include Cr, Mo, Cu, Ag, and Au.
Ionization Energy Exceptions
- Ionization energy varies due to several factors: shielding, number of protons, electron distance, and repulsion.
- Shielding can cause a decrease in ionization energy in elements like Be and B.
Shielding and Ionization Energy
- Ionization energy decreases from Be to B as 2p¹ electron is farther from the nucleus, resulting in less attraction due to the shielding effect of 2s² electrons.
- Common pairs exhibiting this trend are Be & B and Mg & Al.
Distant Electrons and Ionization Energy
- Higher energy levels (s² to p¹) face ionization energy decreases; for example, p¹ electrons are farther from the nucleus than d¹ electrons, leading to weaker attractions.
- Exceptions noted in pairs include Zn & Ga, Cd & In, and Hg & Tl.
Repulsion Factors in Ionization Energy
- The presence of paired electrons (like in oxygen) leads to decreased ionization energy compared to unpaired configurations (like in nitrogen).
- This phenomenon is observed in pairs such as N&O, P&S, and As & Se.
Atomic Radius Exceptions
- Atomic radius typically decreases; however, in the transition from 3d¹⁰ to 4p¹, it increases due to p¹ electrons being valence and farther from the nucleus compared to d electrons.
Electron Affinity Exceptions
- Electron affinity decreases when a sublevel is either completely filled or half-filled, as adding an electron destabilizes the atom.
- Stability is observed in configurations like s², 3d¹⁰, and in the 3p block due to their filled or half-filled states.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the fascinating exceptions in electron configuration and ionization energy. This quiz focuses on specific elements and the reasons behind their deviations from expected periodic trends. Test your knowledge of concepts such as shielding, repulsion, and electron configuration adjustments.
