Final Exam Practice for Anatomy and Physiology II
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Questions and Answers

Anemia is caused by a defective gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin. What type of anemia is it?

  • Sickle Cell Anemia (correct)
  • Aplastic Anemia
  • Pernicious Anemia
  • Hemorrhagic Anemia

    • Which of the following has the function of defending against parasites?

  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil (correct)
  • Basophil
  • Erythrocyte
  • Lymphocyte

    • Blood clotting is dependent upon which vitamin?

  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin K (correct)

    • Which of the following is involved in blood clotting?

    <p>Thrombocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An excessive production of erythrocytes is known as:

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anemia caused by destruction of blood forming elements in the bone marrow is known as:

    <p>Aplastic Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anemia is the inability of blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disease caused by Rh incompatibility is known as:

    <p>Erythroblastosis Fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood without the clotting factors and formed elements is known as:

    <p>Serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ABO blood typing system, this is the 'universal donor':

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a blood clotting protein?

    <p>Fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A foreign substance that can cause the body to produce an antibody is known as:

    <p>Antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formation or production of blood cells is known as:

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three important plasma proteins are _________, __________, and _________.

    <p>Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of connective tissue that make blood cells are _________ and ________.

    <p>Myeloid and Lymphatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen is called ________.

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    These white blood cells are the most numerous of the phagocytes: _________.

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    These white blood cells produce antibodies to fight microbes: _________.

    <p>B-Lymphocytes, B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombin converts the inactive plasma protein __________ into a fibrous gel called __________.

    <p>Fibrinogen, Fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _________ is an unneeded clot that stays in the place where it was found.

    <p>Thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If part of a blood clot is dislodged and circulates through the bloodstream, it is called an _________.

    <p>Embolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with type AB blood has ________ and ________ antigens on the blood cells and _______ antibodies in the plasma.

    <p>A and B antigens, no antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with type B blood has _____ antigens on the blood cells and _____ antibodies in the plasma.

    <p>B antigens, Anti-A antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A condition called __________ _________ can develop if an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against an Rh-positive fetus.

    <p>Erythroblastosis Fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ are thicker chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called discharging chambers.

    <p>Ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ are thinner chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called the receiving chambers of the heart.

    <p>Atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ventricles of the heart are separated into right and left sides by the ________.

    <p>Interventricular Septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Another term for the visceral pericardium is the ________.

    <p>Epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle is called the ______ valve.

    <p>Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term ________ refers to the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle during each beat.

    <p>Stroke Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ is the pacemaker of the heart and causes the contraction of the atria.

    <p>Sinoatrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ are extensions of the atrioventricular fibers and cause the contraction of the ventricles.

    <p>Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ECG tracing that occurs when the ventricles depolarize is called the _________.

    <p>QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ECG tracing that occurs when the atria depolarize is called the ________.

    <p>P Wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ are the microscopic blood vessels in which substances are exchanged between the blood and tissues.

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the ________ ________.

    <p>Tunica Intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the __________.

    <p>Tunica Adventitia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systemic circulation involves moving blood throughout the body; ______ involves moving blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

    <p>Pulmonary Circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two structures in the developing fetus that allow most of the blood to bypass the lungs are the _______ and the ________.

    <p>Foramen Ovale, and Ductus Arteriosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The strength of the heart contraction and blood volume are two factors that influence blood pressure are _______ and ______.

    <p>Blood Viscosity, and Heart Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the following list of parts in order of where blood would flow from start to finish through the heart: Left atrium, tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve), right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, right atrium, pulmonary semilunar valve.

    <ol> <li>Right Atrium - receives blood from the great veins. 2. Tricuspid Valve (right AV valve) - through to 3. Right Ventricle - sends it into the 4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve - into the 5. Pulmonary Vein - blood returns to the heart oxygenated into the 7. Left Atrium 8. Mitral Valve (Left AV valve) - through to 9. Left Ventricle - mitral valve closes upon muscle contraction. 10. Aortic Semilunar Valve - opens and allows blood to flow out into the aorta.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    The most muscular chamber of the heart is:

    <p>Left Ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'wall' separating the two ventricles is called:

    <p>Interventricular Septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the electrical conductance system of the heart?

    <p>Sentinel Node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A major artery in the small intestine is:

    <p>Superior Mesenteric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise, the greatest change in blood flow occurs in:

    <p>Skeletal Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called:

    <p>Tricuspid Valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polycythemia may increase blood viscosity (thickness) due to an increase in red blood cells and that may put a person at risk for a stroke or myocardial infarction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Function as exchange vessels for substances such as glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide:

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulmonary veins carry:

    <p>Oxygenated Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brachiocephalic artery supplying the right side of the body corresponds to the aorta that supplies the left side of the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the fetus, this structure 'shunts' blood from the right atrium to the left atrium allowing most of the blood to bypass the fetal lungs:

    <p>Foramen Ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The celiac artery supplies which organ?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contraction of the heart is referred to as:

    <p>Systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest artery in the body is:

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a valve in the heart?

    <p>Brachiocephalic Valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called:

    <p>Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angina pectoris is another name for myocardial infarction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immunity that develops after a person has had a disease is an example of:

    <p>Active Natural Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immunity that comes from the injection of antibodies made by another individual's immune system is an example of:

    <p>Passive Artificial Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are called _________.

    <p>T-cells, or T Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main cells involved in humoral immunity are the _______ cells.

    <p>B-cells, or B Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ cells develop in the Thymus gland.

    <p>T-cells, or T Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some of the _________ cells can develop into memory cells.

    <p>B-cells, or B Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph from about three-fourths of the body drains into the ___________.

    <p>Thoracic Duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph from the right upper extremity and the right side of the head drains into the _________ _________ ________.

    <p>Right Lymphatic Duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enlarged, pouch-like structure in the abdomen that serves as a storage area for lymph is called the ___________.

    <p>Cisterna Chyli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The many lymph vessels that enter the lymph node are called the ______ vessels. The single vessel leaving the lymph node is called the ______ vessel.

    <p>afferent vessels, efferent vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thymus gland is the site of maturation for these WBCs: ___________. It also produces the hormone _________.

    <p>T Lymphocytes (T-cells), Thymosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three pairs of tonsils are the _______ tonsils, the _______ tonsils, and the ________ tonsils.

    <p>Pharyngeal (Adenoid), Palatine, Lingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ kills invading cells by drilling holes in their plasma membrane, which disrupts the sodium and water balance.

    <p>Complement Fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrophages were originally ________ that migrated into the tissues.

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ cells produce antibodies.

    <p>B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphatic vessels in the walls of the small intestine:

    <p>Lacteals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Injection of a vaccine (such as polio vaccine):

    <p>Artificial Active Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary cell of the immune system?

    <p>Erythrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spleen is:

    <p>Highly Vascularized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytosis of bacteria is a form of:

    <p>Non-Specific Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Involution is a process by which an organ is replaced with connective tissue and fat. This is typical of the:

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph flow in the body:

    <p>Moves only toward the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protection received by an infant from the mother's breast milk:

    <p>Natural Passive Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system is known as:

    <p>Anaphylactic Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lining of lymphatic vessels allows for movement of materials into and out of the vessels. The epithelium is:

    <p>Simple Squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are true of antibodies EXCEPT:

    <p>Are produced in the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is an example of:

    <p>Innate Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a function of lymph nodes?

    <p>Erythropoiesis (Red Blood Cell Formation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This organ is located in the mediastinum (a space between the lungs), is involved in the maturation of T-lymphocytes and atrophies or gets smaller as we age. What is it?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skin and mucosa serve a role in:

    <p>Nonspecific Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an individual is exposed to a microorganism (for example, the mumps virus) and then develops resistance to future exposures. This is an example of:

    <p>Natural Active Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The upper respiratory tract consists of the _________, the __________ and the ___________.

    <p>pharynx, larynx, and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lower respiratory tract consists of the __________, the _________, and the __________.

    <p>trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal cavities make up the ______.

    <p>sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ protrude into the nasal cavities and function to warm and humidify the air.

    <p>conchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four progressively smaller air tubes that connect the trachea and the alveolar sacs are the __________, ____________, ___________, and the ____________.

    <p>primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, and the alveolar duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ___________ is a substance made by the lungs to help reduce the surface tension of water in the alveoli.

    <p>surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues is called ________ ________.

    <p>internal respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs is called ________ ________.

    <p>external respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hematology

    • Anemia occurs when there's insufficient oxygen-carrying capacity in blood; Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by abnormal hemoglobin.
    • Eosinophils defend against parasitic infections, while Basophils and Neutrophils protect against different pathogens.
    • Blood clotting requires Vitamin K, and Thrombocytes (platelets) play a critical role in hemostasis.
    • Excessive erythrocyte production is known as Polycythemia, while Aplastic Anemia results from bone marrow damage.
    • Erythroblastosis Fetalis is a condition from Rh incompatibility in pregnancies.
    • Blood serum lacks clotting factors; it differs from plasma, which contains them.

    Blood Typing

    • Type O blood is the universal donor, while Type AB blood has both A and B antigens but no antibodies.
    • The primary plasma proteins include Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen.

    Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology

    • The heart consists of ventricles (discharging chambers) and atria (receiving chambers), separated by the Interventricular Septum.
    • Stroke Volume refers to the amount of blood ejected during each heartbeat.
    • The Sinoatrial node functions as the heart's pacemaker, initiating contractions.
    • The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization on an ECG, while the P Wave reflects atrial depolarization.

    Vascular System

    • Capillaries are the sites of nutrient and gas exchange between blood and tissues.
    • Systemic circulation distributes blood throughout the body; Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs.
    • The aorta is the largest artery, while the superior mesenteric artery supplies the small intestine.

    Lymphatic System

    • Lymphatic fluid flows only towards the heart, draining into the Thoracic duct or Right lymphatic duct depending on the body side.
    • The thymus gland is crucial for T-cell maturation and shrinks with age; it produces the hormone Thymosin.
    • B-cells are responsible for antibody production and can develop into memory cells.

    Immune System

    • Active natural immunity arises from disease exposure, while passive artificial immunity comes from injected antibodies.
    • Complement fixation kills beta cells by disrupting membrane integrity.
    • Inflammation is part of innate immunity, while specific immunity relies on cell-mediated and humoral responses.

    Respiratory System

    • The upper respiratory tract includes the pharynx, larynx, and nose; the lower tract comprises the trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree.
    • The sinuses (frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal) assist with air warming and humidifying.
    • Surfactant reduces water surface tension in alveoli, aiding in gas exchange during both internal and external respiration.
    • Stretch receptors prevent over-expansion of lungs, while chemoreceptors modulate breathing based on blood gas levels.

    Miscellaneous

    • True or False statements indicate concepts such as Polycythemia increasing stroke risk and differentiating between conditions like angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.

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