Final Exam Practice for Anatomy and Physiology II

Questions and Answers

Anemia is caused by a defective gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin. What type of anemia is it?

Sickle Cell Anemia (correct)

Aplastic Anemia

Pernicious Anemia

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Which of the following has the function of defending against parasites?

Neutrophil

Eosinophil (correct)

Basophil

Erythrocyte

Lymphocyte

Blood clotting is dependent upon which vitamin?

Vitamin C

Vitamin A

Vitamin E

Vitamin D

Vitamin K (correct)

Which of the following is involved in blood clotting?

Thrombocyte Signup and view all the answers

An excessive production of erythrocytes is known as:

Polycythemia Signup and view all the answers

Anemia caused by destruction of blood forming elements in the bone marrow is known as:

Aplastic Anemia Signup and view all the answers

Anemia is the inability of blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the tissues.

True Signup and view all the answers

A disease caused by Rh incompatibility is known as:

Erythroblastosis Fetalis Signup and view all the answers

Blood without the clotting factors and formed elements is known as:

Serum Signup and view all the answers

In the ABO blood typing system, this is the 'universal donor':

Type O Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a blood clotting protein?

Fibrin Signup and view all the answers

A foreign substance that can cause the body to produce an antibody is known as:

Antigen Signup and view all the answers

The formation or production of blood cells is known as:

Hematopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

The three important plasma proteins are _, , and ___.

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen Signup and view all the answers

The two types of connective tissue that make blood cells are _ and .

Myeloid and Lymphatic Signup and view all the answers

The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen is called ________.

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

These white blood cells are the most numerous of the phagocytes: _________.

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

These white blood cells produce antibodies to fight microbes: _________.

B-Lymphocytes, B-cells Signup and view all the answers

Thrombin converts the inactive plasma protein into a fibrous gel called .

Fibrinogen, Fibrin Signup and view all the answers

A _________ is an unneeded clot that stays in the place where it was found.

Thrombus Signup and view all the answers

If part of a blood clot is dislodged and circulates through the bloodstream, it is called an _________.

Embolus Signup and view all the answers

A person with type AB blood has __ and antigens on the blood cells and _ antibodies in the plasma.

A and B antigens, no antibodies Signup and view all the answers

A person with type B blood has _ antigens on the blood cells and _ antibodies in the plasma.

B antigens, Anti-A antibodies Signup and view all the answers

A condition called __ _ can develop if an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against an Rh-positive fetus.

Erythroblastosis Fetalis Signup and view all the answers

_______ are thicker chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called discharging chambers.

Ventricles Signup and view all the answers

The _______ are thinner chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called the receiving chambers of the heart.

Atria Signup and view all the answers

The ventricles of the heart are separated into right and left sides by the ________.

Interventricular Septum Signup and view all the answers

Another term for the visceral pericardium is the ________.

Epicardium Signup and view all the answers

The heart valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle is called the ______ valve.

Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Signup and view all the answers

The term ________ refers to the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle during each beat.

Stroke Volume Signup and view all the answers

The _______ is the pacemaker of the heart and causes the contraction of the atria.

Sinoatrial Signup and view all the answers

The _______ are extensions of the atrioventricular fibers and cause the contraction of the ventricles.

Purkinje fibers Signup and view all the answers

The ECG tracing that occurs when the ventricles depolarize is called the _________.

QRS complex Signup and view all the answers

The ECG tracing that occurs when the atria depolarize is called the ________.

P Wave Signup and view all the answers

The ________ are the microscopic blood vessels in which substances are exchanged between the blood and tissues.

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

The innermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the .

Tunica Intima Signup and view all the answers

The outermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the __________.

Tunica Adventitia Signup and view all the answers

Systemic circulation involves moving blood throughout the body; ______ involves moving blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

Pulmonary Circulation Signup and view all the answers

The two structures in the developing fetus that allow most of the blood to bypass the lungs are the _ and the __.

Foramen Ovale, and Ductus Arteriosis Signup and view all the answers

The strength of the heart contraction and blood volume are two factors that influence blood pressure are _ and .

Blood Viscosity, and Heart Rate Signup and view all the answers

Describe the following list of parts in order of where blood would flow from start to finish through the heart: Left atrium, tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve), right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, right atrium, pulmonary semilunar valve.

<ol> <li>Right Atrium - receives blood from the great veins. 2. Tricuspid Valve (right AV valve) - through to 3. Right Ventricle - sends it into the 4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve - into the 5. Pulmonary Vein - blood returns to the heart oxygenated into the 7. Left Atrium 8. Mitral Valve (Left AV valve) - through to 9. Left Ventricle - mitral valve closes upon muscle contraction. 10. Aortic Semilunar Valve - opens and allows blood to flow out into the aorta.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

The most muscular chamber of the heart is:

Left Ventricle Signup and view all the answers

The 'wall' separating the two ventricles is called:

Interventricular Septum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the electrical conductance system of the heart?

Sentinel Node Signup and view all the answers

A major artery in the small intestine is:

Superior Mesenteric Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, the greatest change in blood flow occurs in:

Skeletal Muscle Signup and view all the answers

The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called:

Tricuspid Valve Signup and view all the answers

Polycythemia may increase blood viscosity (thickness) due to an increase in red blood cells and that may put a person at risk for a stroke or myocardial infarction.

True Signup and view all the answers

Function as exchange vessels for substances such as glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide:

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

The pulmonary veins carry:

Oxygenated Blood Signup and view all the answers

The brachiocephalic artery supplying the right side of the body corresponds to the aorta that supplies the left side of the body.

True Signup and view all the answers

In the fetus, this structure 'shunts' blood from the right atrium to the left atrium allowing most of the blood to bypass the fetal lungs:

Foramen Ovale Signup and view all the answers

The celiac artery supplies which organ?

Stomach Signup and view all the answers

Contraction of the heart is referred to as:

Systole Signup and view all the answers

The largest artery in the body is:

Aorta Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a valve in the heart?

Brachiocephalic Valve Signup and view all the answers

The valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called:

Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve) Signup and view all the answers

Angina pectoris is another name for myocardial infarction.

False Signup and view all the answers

The immunity that develops after a person has had a disease is an example of:

Active Natural Immunity Signup and view all the answers

The immunity that comes from the injection of antibodies made by another individual's immune system is an example of:

Passive Artificial Immunity Signup and view all the answers

The main cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are called _________.

T-cells, or T Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

The main cells involved in humoral immunity are the _______ cells.

B-cells, or B Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

__________ cells develop in the Thymus gland.

T-cells, or T Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Some of the _________ cells can develop into memory cells.

B-cells, or B Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Lymph from about three-fourths of the body drains into the ___________.

Thoracic Duct Signup and view all the answers

Lymph from the right upper extremity and the right side of the head drains into the _____ _ ____.

Right Lymphatic Duct Signup and view all the answers

The enlarged, pouch-like structure in the abdomen that serves as a storage area for lymph is called the ___________.

Cisterna Chyli Signup and view all the answers

The many lymph vessels that enter the lymph node are called the vessels. The single vessel leaving the lymph node is called the vessel.

afferent vessels, efferent vessel Signup and view all the answers

The thymus gland is the site of maturation for these WBCs: ___. It also produces the hormone _.

T Lymphocytes (T-cells), Thymosin Signup and view all the answers

The three pairs of tonsils are the ___ tonsils, the _ tonsils, and the ______ tonsils.

Pharyngeal (Adenoid), Palatine, Lingual Signup and view all the answers

___________ kills invading cells by drilling holes in their plasma membrane, which disrupts the sodium and water balance.

Complement Fixation Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages were originally ________ that migrated into the tissues.

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

________ cells produce antibodies.

B-cells Signup and view all the answers

Lymphatic vessels in the walls of the small intestine:

Lacteals Signup and view all the answers

Injection of a vaccine (such as polio vaccine):

Artificial Active Immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary cell of the immune system?

Erythrocyte Signup and view all the answers

The spleen is:

Highly Vascularized Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytosis of bacteria is a form of:

Non-Specific Immunity Signup and view all the answers

Involution is a process by which an organ is replaced with connective tissue and fat. This is typical of the:

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

Lymph flow in the body:

Moves only toward the heart Signup and view all the answers

Protection received by an infant from the mother's breast milk:

Natural Passive Immunity Signup and view all the answers

A life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system is known as:

Anaphylactic Shock Signup and view all the answers

The lining of lymphatic vessels allows for movement of materials into and out of the vessels. The epithelium is:

Simple Squamous Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are true of antibodies EXCEPT:

Are produced in the pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is an example of:

Innate Immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a function of lymph nodes?

Erythropoiesis (Red Blood Cell Formation) Signup and view all the answers

This organ is located in the mediastinum (a space between the lungs), is involved in the maturation of T-lymphocytes and atrophies or gets smaller as we age. What is it?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

The skin and mucosa serve a role in:

Nonspecific Immunity Signup and view all the answers

When an individual is exposed to a microorganism (for example, the mumps virus) and then develops resistance to future exposures. This is an example of:

Natural Active Immunity Signup and view all the answers

The upper respiratory tract consists of the _, the and the _____.

pharynx, larynx, and nose Signup and view all the answers

The lower respiratory tract consists of the ______, the _, and the ______.

trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree Signup and view all the answers

The frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal cavities make up the ______.

sinuses Signup and view all the answers

The ________ protrude into the nasal cavities and function to warm and humidify the air.

conchae Signup and view all the answers

The four progressively smaller air tubes that connect the trachea and the alveolar sacs are the ____, , _, and the ________.

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, and the alveolar duct Signup and view all the answers

A ___________ is a substance made by the lungs to help reduce the surface tension of water in the alveoli.

surfactant Signup and view all the answers

The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues is called .

internal respiration Signup and view all the answers

The exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs is called .

external respiration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hematology

Anemia occurs when there's insufficient oxygen-carrying capacity in blood; Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by abnormal hemoglobin.
Eosinophils defend against parasitic infections, while Basophils and Neutrophils protect against different pathogens.
Blood clotting requires Vitamin K, and Thrombocytes (platelets) play a critical role in hemostasis.
Excessive erythrocyte production is known as Polycythemia, while Aplastic Anemia results from bone marrow damage.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis is a condition from Rh incompatibility in pregnancies.
Blood serum lacks clotting factors; it differs from plasma, which contains them.

Blood Typing

Type O blood is the universal donor, while Type AB blood has both A and B antigens but no antibodies.
The primary plasma proteins include Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen.

Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology

The heart consists of ventricles (discharging chambers) and atria (receiving chambers), separated by the Interventricular Septum.
Stroke Volume refers to the amount of blood ejected during each heartbeat.
The Sinoatrial node functions as the heart's pacemaker, initiating contractions.
The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization on an ECG, while the P Wave reflects atrial depolarization.

Vascular System

Capillaries are the sites of nutrient and gas exchange between blood and tissues.
Systemic circulation distributes blood throughout the body; Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs.
The aorta is the largest artery, while the superior mesenteric artery supplies the small intestine.

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic fluid flows only towards the heart, draining into the Thoracic duct or Right lymphatic duct depending on the body side.
The thymus gland is crucial for T-cell maturation and shrinks with age; it produces the hormone Thymosin.
B-cells are responsible for antibody production and can develop into memory cells.

Immune System

Active natural immunity arises from disease exposure, while passive artificial immunity comes from injected antibodies.
Complement fixation kills beta cells by disrupting membrane integrity.
Inflammation is part of innate immunity, while specific immunity relies on cell-mediated and humoral responses.

Respiratory System

The upper respiratory tract includes the pharynx, larynx, and nose; the lower tract comprises the trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree.
The sinuses (frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal) assist with air warming and humidifying.
Surfactant reduces water surface tension in alveoli, aiding in gas exchange during both internal and external respiration.
Stretch receptors prevent over-expansion of lungs, while chemoreceptors modulate breathing based on blood gas levels.

Miscellaneous

True or False statements indicate concepts such as Polycythemia increasing stroke risk and differentiating between conditions like angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.

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Final Exam Practice for Anatomy and Physiology II

Questions and Answers

Anemia is caused by a defective gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin. What type of anemia is it?

Which of the following has the function of defending against parasites?

Blood clotting is dependent upon which vitamin?

Which of the following is involved in blood clotting?

An excessive production of erythrocytes is known as:

Anemia caused by destruction of blood forming elements in the bone marrow is known as:

Anemia is the inability of blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the tissues.

A disease caused by Rh incompatibility is known as:

Blood without the clotting factors and formed elements is known as:

In the ABO blood typing system, this is the 'universal donor':

Which of the following is a blood clotting protein?

A foreign substance that can cause the body to produce an antibody is known as:

The formation or production of blood cells is known as:

The three important plasma proteins are _________, __________, and _________.

The two types of connective tissue that make blood cells are _________ and ________.

The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen is called ________.

These white blood cells are the most numerous of the phagocytes: _________.

These white blood cells produce antibodies to fight microbes: _________.

Thrombin converts the inactive plasma protein __________ into a fibrous gel called __________.

A _________ is an unneeded clot that stays in the place where it was found.

If part of a blood clot is dislodged and circulates through the bloodstream, it is called an _________.

A person with type AB blood has ________ and ________ antigens on the blood cells and _______ antibodies in the plasma.

A person with type B blood has _____ antigens on the blood cells and _____ antibodies in the plasma.

A condition called __________ _________ can develop if an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against an Rh-positive fetus.

_______ are thicker chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called discharging chambers.

The _______ are thinner chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called the receiving chambers of the heart.

The ventricles of the heart are separated into right and left sides by the ________.

Another term for the visceral pericardium is the ________.

The heart valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle is called the ______ valve.

The term ________ refers to the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle during each beat.

The _______ is the pacemaker of the heart and causes the contraction of the atria.

The _______ are extensions of the atrioventricular fibers and cause the contraction of the ventricles.

The ECG tracing that occurs when the ventricles depolarize is called the _________.

The ECG tracing that occurs when the atria depolarize is called the ________.

The ________ are the microscopic blood vessels in which substances are exchanged between the blood and tissues.

The innermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the ________ ________.

The outermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the __________.

Systemic circulation involves moving blood throughout the body; ______ involves moving blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

The two structures in the developing fetus that allow most of the blood to bypass the lungs are the _______ and the ________.

The strength of the heart contraction and blood volume are two factors that influence blood pressure are _______ and ______.

Describe the following list of parts in order of where blood would flow from start to finish through the heart: Left atrium, tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve), right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, right atrium, pulmonary semilunar valve.

The most muscular chamber of the heart is:

The 'wall' separating the two ventricles is called:

Which of the following is NOT a part of the electrical conductance system of the heart?

A major artery in the small intestine is:

During exercise, the greatest change in blood flow occurs in:

The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called:

Polycythemia may increase blood viscosity (thickness) due to an increase in red blood cells and that may put a person at risk for a stroke or myocardial infarction.

Function as exchange vessels for substances such as glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide:

The pulmonary veins carry:

The brachiocephalic artery supplying the right side of the body corresponds to the aorta that supplies the left side of the body.

In the fetus, this structure 'shunts' blood from the right atrium to the left atrium allowing most of the blood to bypass the fetal lungs:

The celiac artery supplies which organ?

Contraction of the heart is referred to as:

The largest artery in the body is:

Which of the following is NOT a valve in the heart?

The valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called:

Angina pectoris is another name for myocardial infarction.

The immunity that develops after a person has had a disease is an example of:

The immunity that comes from the injection of antibodies made by another individual's immune system is an example of:

The main cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are called _________.

The main cells involved in humoral immunity are the _______ cells.

__________ cells develop in the Thymus gland.

Some of the _________ cells can develop into memory cells.

Lymph from about three-fourths of the body drains into the ___________.

Lymph from the right upper extremity and the right side of the head drains into the _________ _________ ________.

The enlarged, pouch-like structure in the abdomen that serves as a storage area for lymph is called the ___________.

The many lymph vessels that enter the lymph node are called the ______ vessels. The single vessel leaving the lymph node is called the ______ vessel.

The thymus gland is the site of maturation for these WBCs: ___________. It also produces the hormone _________.

The three pairs of tonsils are the _______ tonsils, the _______ tonsils, and the ________ tonsils.

___________ kills invading cells by drilling holes in their plasma membrane, which disrupts the sodium and water balance.

Macrophages were originally ________ that migrated into the tissues.

________ cells produce antibodies.

Lymphatic vessels in the walls of the small intestine:

Injection of a vaccine (such as polio vaccine):

Which of the following is NOT a primary cell of the immune system?

The spleen is:

Phagocytosis of bacteria is a form of:

The three important plasma proteins are _, , and ___.

The two types of connective tissue that make blood cells are _ and .

Thrombin converts the inactive plasma protein into a fibrous gel called .

A person with type AB blood has __ and antigens on the blood cells and _ antibodies in the plasma.

A person with type B blood has _ antigens on the blood cells and _ antibodies in the plasma.

A condition called __ _ can develop if an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against an Rh-positive fetus.

The innermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the .

The two structures in the developing fetus that allow most of the blood to bypass the lungs are the _ and the __.

The strength of the heart contraction and blood volume are two factors that influence blood pressure are _ and .

Lymph from the right upper extremity and the right side of the head drains into the _____ _ ____.

The many lymph vessels that enter the lymph node are called the vessels. The single vessel leaving the lymph node is called the vessel.

The thymus gland is the site of maturation for these WBCs: ___. It also produces the hormone _.

The three pairs of tonsils are the ___ tonsils, the _ tonsils, and the ______ tonsils.

The upper respiratory tract consists of the _, the and the _____.

The lower respiratory tract consists of the ______, the _, and the ______.

The four progressively smaller air tubes that connect the trachea and the alveolar sacs are the ____, , _, and the ________.

The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues is called .

The exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs is called .