Filosofía Social: Introducción

Social Philosophy

• Moral behavior cannot be studied in isolation as humans are made to live in society.
• Moral philosophy evolves into social philosophy.

Topics to cover

• Introduction.
• Society in general.
• The Family.
• Total society.
• The Municipality.
• The Nation and the State.
• The Church.

Social Sciences

• Studies of social facts, meaning human acts involving a duality of mutually influencing individuals.
• There are several principal social sciences, depending on the viewpoint.

Social Philosophy

• Philosophical study of social facts, studying their foundations and ultimate causes.
• It is a speculative science inquiring into the essence of things.

Ethics

• Moral study of social facts, focusing on goodness or badness.
• It is a practical, normative science dealing with "moral norms".

Sociology

• Positive study of social facts.
• Identifies characteristics of specific events.
• It is a positive science that describes facts and infers laws "a posteriori".

Individualism (Theory of the Social Pact)

• Theory asserting humans are not naturally sociable.
• Humans initially lived in isolation without forming any society.
• Later joined society through a pact or social contract for coexistence and mutual aid.
• This doctrine was formulated explicitly by Hobbes and Rousseau.

Thomas Hobbes' view

• Primitive humans lived in isolation and constant struggle ("homo homini lupus": man is a wolf to man).
• To avoid mutual destruction, they made a pact of coexistence, creating life in society.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view

• Primitive humans also lived in isolation, but without struggle.
• The need for mutual assistance to live better and progress led them to the social pact.

Social Universalism (Socialism or Organicism)

• This theory asserts society is a primary and supra-individual reality.
• It is an absolute reality prior to the individual.
• Man is only a product of society, an insignificant part, and must be entirely subordinate to it.
• This doctrine has been defended by socialism and communism (Karl Marx).

Positive Philosophers

• French and English positive philosophers (Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, 19th century).
• Society is like a human organism in which men are only "parts" (perhaps like cells).
• This "social organism" appeared through evolution from primitive matter.

Critique of Individualism and Organicism

• The social pact theory lacks foundation.
• It affirms, without demonstrating, the social nature of man and the existence of social fact.

Criticism cont'd

• The social pact is purely imaginary and practically impossible assuming the "savage" state of primitive man.

Critique of Organicism

• Based on an evolutionist and materialist conception.
• It is not admissible since what consists of the primary and supra-individual reality is society.
• It is absurd to think society is prior to the individual.

True Origin of Society

• The true origin of society is the sociable nature of man.

Thesis

• The value of the human person as an individual is set against social universalism.
• The sociable nature of man is set against individualism.

Demonstration

• Demonstration (Cicero): "Every constant fact is based on the nature of things".
• Man has always lived in society through all times, races, countries, customs, ideologies, etc.
• A constant fact can only be due to a constant and invariable cause: the nature of man.

The Proficiencey of Man

• Man alone and isolated cannot satisfy all the natural demands of his life.
• Man as an individual requires the help of others, and in other aspects can help others.

The Natural Instinct

• Man has an innate propensity to live in society, more than any other animal.

Language

• Language is entirely natural to man; language would be absurd and inexplicable if it were not for man to use it in society.

Social Ethics: Definition of Society

• Society is a more or less stable union of many men to achieve an agreed end under an authority.

Requirements to Form a Society

• A more or less stable union of many men forming a society, called a "moral person," with own rights and obligations.
• Agreement on a common end.
• Subjection to the direction of an authority.

Division of Society

• According to perfection, area, and autonomy: perfect or imperfect.
• Perfect society can be autonomous and has its own end and sufficient means to achieve that end e.g., the Church, the State.

Facility of relationships

• These have great ease of relations (with culture, technique, economy, etc.).
• A perfect society is one that meets the social demands of man in a determined order.

Imperfect Societies

• Do not have all the means to achieve their end, such as the family.
• Any other society permitted by the Church and by the State.

Division cont'd

• According the End: religious, civil, cultural, commercial, sports societies.
• According to Origin: natural society, originating from natural law, and positive society, originating from positive law.

Churches and states

• The church is a society in perfect legal control, so is the State and the the family.
• Unions, religious associations are of positive ecclesiastical law.

The family

• An attack against the family is an attack against humanity.
• The family is a natural association that finds its beginning in marriage.
• Consummation is the offspring, the fruit of this marriage

Family

• The family (the domestic society) is the stable union of man, woman, and children under the authority of the man.
• Domestic society has a dual society.
• The society of man and woman, conjugal society (marriage as a state).
• The society of parents and children, or paternal society.

Conjugal Society

• A community of life and love between a man and a woman, ordered by its own nature to procreation, education of children, and mutual perfection of the spouses.

Marriage

• A contract by which the man and the woman give themselves inseparably to procreate and educate children.
• The contractual marriage.

Ends of marriage

• Procreate and educate (the conjugal union, the marital state).

Definition of marriage

• From the definition the primary end of marriage is biological procreation (procreation strictly speaking) and psychological education (education).

Fundamental Proprieties of Marriage

• Unity is important because in marriage there is the union of one with one.
• It contradicts to unity what are polygamy, polyandry.

The primary end

• The primary end of marriage the marriage contradicts polyandry.
• Secondary marriage contradicts polygamy

Indissolubility

• Implies the permanence modern errors.
• Conjugal is the union until the death of one of the spouses.

Duties deduced

• These are easily deduced from what we have said. Principally.

Duties of couples

• Love.
• Mutual help(physical and moral), cohabitation.

Palermo-Filial Society

• The family is completed with children.
• The ends of the Palermo-filial society are children.

Education:

• "Educate" derives from "e-ducare": to extract, to take out.
• Signifies, consequently, forming the faculties of a person, "extracting" from them all their possibilities of perfection.
• Education can be: physical, intellectual, moral, and religious.

Who can educate

• Parents, by natural right.
• They have, before anyone else, the right and duty to educate their children

The Church

• it has, by its own nature, the right to teach.
• The right of the church to teach is based on its own mission, imposed by Christ, to "teach all nations".
• Other persons (individuals or associations).

Duties and rights of the state

• The state has : to respect and protect the rights of parents, the church, and individuals (who are prior to those of the State).
• to protect means to prevent others from attacking them and give them help so that they can exercise them conveniently.

State's duties.

• To watch over the civic and national education of citizens.
• To supply the deficiencies (for example, open schools where they do not exist and no one can or wants to found them).
• To ensure that education is given with full guarantee.

Inspection Labor

• The inspection labor must be done without injuring the rights from the family, of the church.

Patria Potestad Termination

• Emancipation, of age.
• Death of the children.
• By action of the State that withdraws it from the unworthy parent.

Duties of Parents and Children

• The duties and rights at the same time- the main duties of the parents are:

Parents Duties

• To feed children who are minors.
• To educate physically, intellectually, morally and religiously
• To love themes.
• To respect vocation and guide it in life.

Society Heril

• Heril" derives from the Latin word "heres, which means "Sir", "owner of the house".
• Heril society is the union between masters and servants for their reciprocal helpfulness.

Origin and what unions it supports

• The origin of this society is the insufficiency of man:
• Insufficiency of the master for the care of the family and the farm.
• Insufficiency of the servant to maintain himself and ensure his future.
• However, this society is on the way to disappearing.

Disappearing act

• The bonds that bind master and servants, and the stability and permanence of these in the house of the master tend to diminish.

Duties

• Masters must give theirs servants: just compensation for his work (salary, food, rest ...);
• They most respect of their human dignity,
• Charity (they must treat them more as sons than as servants.

Servants and Owners

• The servants must give theirs owners: industriousness, obedience.
• Respect and love.

Political Society

• "The world is waiting for a nation that loves God, not itself".

Family and the world

• The family is the social sphere that matters.
• Families who aren't integrate exist in superior societies (a city, the nation).

Political sphere of Society

• They call to the reunion of stable people, their unions help to live and defend their human rights.

Main and unique features

• It is a natural society, since man tends to constitute it naturally.
• It holds territory, great number of components.

Government and Society

• Major sections the society of the world "The municipality, The nation, and The Estate.

Municipality

• The Municipality is a natural association of persons and goods.
• Determined by ties of neighborhood and settled in a reduced territory.

Municipality Del

• The municipality consists of the urban and rural region.

Functions of the Municipality

• They are purely local.
• Only for the welfare of the families of that Municipality.

Only for the welfare of the families this includes

• Instruction (municipal schools), hygiene and public moral, urbanization, social aid, order and tranquility.

Actions

• The actions must be done without undermine the rights of individuals, nor distort the initiative.

Their elements

• The key, most essential elements of the modern municipality.
• The territory or municipal term(the Municipality involves neighborhood).
• A determined number of families group themselves together.
• An authority or town hall.

Final common goal

• mutual aid for the defense of individual and family rights.

Autonomy of the Municipality

• Autonomy (from "autos," by itself, and "nomos," law) means the power to govern.
• Supposes alsoproprius laws.
• At least, two known components.

Two known components

• First there's municipal laws based on democratic principles
• Second thereis to elect their mayoral. The mayor can be picked between among all the members that are registered or residents of it.

Freedoms

• Freedoms related to all municipal duties,
• this can Include things as water maintenance, construction and development of water systems.

Forms of government according to Aristotle

• Monarchy: Government of one person that seeks the welfare of the whole community.

Aristocracy and Commonwealth

• Aristocracy: Government of a small group of individuals.
• Commonwealth: Citizens that govern in the name of the majority, specially for the ones that come of the middle class.

Anarchy

• Destruction of monarchy which is government driven, solely for the individuals
• Anarchy is not desired or beneficial for a community

Oligarchy corruption & Democacy

• A small sect of wealth and personal government for their beneficts, without aiding for the common wealth.
• Democracy has laws but rarely does someone comply by them, specially for those that come from lower wealth.

Governments and their role

• Anitmal polito quieres means that the man,
• Man is a sociable being that wants to live more than others.

Nation in the community

• Nation: A conjunto de familias moralmente unidades Cominidad y historia

Natural and Unatural causes

• Natural culture = Lengua raza Y cultura.
• Natural and unnatural causes- Families on their on't, can solve or cabrio problems.
• Nation: Responde
• Sociedad

Comunidada

• Comnided de destriza

Languaje

• Jegin Orlega - Guxet nació En in común.

El Estado

• El Estado es en la Lucha ya en
• Je ale deterer lareta.

Poder judicial

• Poder judicial potestad

Poder esechino

• Poder es echivo.

Introducción a la filosofía social, que surge del estudio del comportamiento moral en la sociedad. Cubre temas como la sociedad, la familia, la municipalidad y la nación.