Filosofía Política de Platón

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Questions and Answers

Que filósofo considerou a Platón como un inimigo da democracia?

Nietzsche

Aristóteles

Popper (correct)

Locke

Cal é a base da crítica moderna á teoría platónica do Estado?

A inexistencia de dereitos individuais

A defensa dos valores colectivistas

A importancia do individuo fronte á colectividade (correct)

O apoio á aristocracia política

Que simboliza o mito da caverna na filosofía platónica?

A relación entre individuo e sociedade

Os límites do coñecemento

A importancia da educación como proxecto liberador (correct)

A futilidade do desexo

Quen defendeu a noción de estado social burgués?

Locke Signup and view all the answers

Que representa a obra 'A escola de Atenas' de Rafael?

As catro facultades clásicas Signup and view all the answers

Que aspecto da filosofía de Platón é criticado por Nietzsche?

A súa teoría do Estado ideal Signup and view all the answers

Que importancia ten a dialéctica na epistemoloxía platónica?

Facilita a comprensión dos graos de ser e coñecer Signup and view all the answers

Cal é o principal obxectivo do mito da caverna?

Facer comprensible a filosofía platónica Signup and view all the answers

Quen representa a figura de Platón na obra de Rafael?

Leonardo da Vinci Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a principal calidade que se menciona como necesaria para que a cidade atope a excelencia?

Xustiza Signup and view all the answers

Que relación establece o texto entre individuo e sociedade?

Entre ética e política Signup and view all the answers

Segundo o que se expón, que debe facer cada parte da cidade para alcanzar a xustiza?

Cumprir a función que lle corresponde Signup and view all the answers

Que tres calidades se mencionan como partes fundamentais da cidade?

Moderación, valentía e sabedoría Signup and view all the answers

Quen é considerado un dos pais do pensamento na Idade Media mencionado na obra de Rafael?

Aristóteles Signup and view all the answers

Como se define a xustiza no contexto da política que se cita?

Como a función de cada un sen interferir nos alleos Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a característica que permite a conservación das calidades mencionadas na cidade?

Moderación Signup and view all the answers

Que experiencia tería unha persoa liberada das súas cadeas ao ser obrigada a mirar cara á luz?

Sufriría e non podería ver claramente. Signup and view all the answers

Ao final, que sería o último obxecto que a persoa liberada sería capaz de contemplar claramente?

O sol en si mesmo. Signup and view all the answers

Que opinas que pasaría co individuo liberado se recordase a súa vida anterior na caverna?

Sentiría compaixón e alegría co cambio. Signup and view all the answers

Cando a persoa liberada mira á luz do sol, que efecto experimenta inmediatamente?

Sente dor e cegueira temporal. Signup and view all the answers

Que parte do proceso de aclimatación require máis esforzo para a persoa que mira a luz do sol?

Adaptarse para ver obxectos reais ao existir. Signup and view all the answers

Que representa o sol no contexto da experiencia do individuo liberado?

A causa do cambio de estacións e anos. Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a primeira etapa tras ser liberado que experimentará a persoa?

Observar as sombras antes de todo. Signup and view all the answers

Que desafío emocional pode experimentar a persoa liberada ao enfrontarse á nova realidade?

Deseo de regresar á oscuridade. Signup and view all the answers

Que virtude se corresponde coas actividades da alma racional?

Sabería Signup and view all the answers

Que se logra cando cada parte da alma cumpre a súa función e posúe a súa virtude correspondente?

A Xustiza Signup and view all the answers

Que parte da alma está asociada á regulación das paixóns nobres?

Anima irascible Signup and view all the answers

Por que Platón consideraba que a xustiza individual só se pode acadar na sociedade?

Porque o individuo é un ser social por natureza Signup and view all the answers

Que obra de Platón é considerada como a súa exposición máis clara da teoría política?

República Signup and view all the answers

Que caracteriza á obra República en relación aos réximes políticos existentes?

É unha exposición dunha sociedade ideal Signup and view all the answers

Que concepto de virtude busca Platón ao referirse á harmonía?

A xustiza Signup and view all the answers

Que sentimento experimentou Platón respecto á política, segundo a carta VII?

Decepción Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a principal característica da sociedade grega antes da fundación das Polis?

Unha sociedade aristocrática dominada por elites. Signup and view all the answers

Que provocou a participación política dos cidadáns nas Polis?

O aumento da clase media de comerciantes e soldados. Signup and view all the answers

Que sistema de goberno xurdiu no século V a.C. grazas a gobernantes como Solón e Pericles?

Democracia. Signup and view all the answers

Que significa a isonomía na sociedade grega?

A igualdade de todos os cidadáns ante a lei. Signup and view all the answers

Cal era a visión do grego sobre a súa identidade como cidadán?

O cidadán é superior ao individuo. Signup and view all the answers

Como influíu a actividade comercial nas polis gregas?

Aumentou a riqueza e o tempo de ocio. Signup and view all the answers

Que transición ocorreu na filosofía grega a partir dos mitos?

De mito a logos. Signup and view all the answers

Que papel desempeñaban as mulleres na participación política das polis?

Estaban excluídas da vida pública. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plato’s Political Philosophy

Plato’s ideas about an ideal, perfect society have been influential, inspiring other political utopias.
Plato’s theory of an individual’s lack of importance in comparison to the collective has been heavily criticised by modern liberal political thought, which upholds individual rights.
Plato was critiqued by Popper for his ideas of political elitism and social immobility.
Nietzsche’s critique of Plato’s philosophy was extremely severe, seeing it as an attack on life.

The Allegory of the Cave

The Allegory of the Cave is a metaphor for Plato’s entire philosophy.
It explains Plato’s division of reality into two worlds (ontology) and the different levels of being and knowledge (epistemology).
The allegory details the upward and downward journey of the soul, which symbolizes the importance of education in achieving liberation.
The allegory suggests that the ultimate good is the contemplation of knowledge and understanding.
The allegory alludes to the death of Socrates and the importance of teaching virtue to citizens.
The allegory touches on the idea of the philosopher-king.

The School of Athens

The School of Athens is a painting by Raphael completed in 1509.
It depicts the figures representing the most important classical intellectuals, some of whom were real-life people, like Leonardo da Vinci representing Plato and Michelangelo representing Heraclitus.

Plato’s Concept of Justice in The Republic

Plato’s theory of Justice is based on the idea of harmony and balance, achieved when each person fulfils their role in society.
Plato believed that every individual has their own natural talent and should focus on developing these talents to contribute to the good of the city.
Justice is described as fulfilling one’s own role and not interfering with the roles of others.
Plato believed that the four cardinal virtues (wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice) were crucial for the well-being of the city.
The Allegory of the Cave is used to explain the importance of knowledge and education in contributing to a just society.

Greek Society and the Rise of Philosophy

Before the rise of the Polis, Greek society was aristocratic, based on the rule of elites.
The rise of a middle class of merchants and soldiers led to a shift toward democracy, as people sought greater political participation.
The idea of being a citizen was emphasized over individual identity.
The increased political participation led to the development of laws and the principle of equality before the law (isonomy).
The combination of favorable maritime conditions and ongoing wars boosted trade in Greece, leading to the rise of a wealthy class with leisure time to pursue knowledge and philosophy.
Philosophy emerged as a natural consequence of people’s curiosity to understand the nature of reality, moving from myths to logos.
Mythology was used to explain all aspects of life: the universe, ethics, politics, etc.
The main characteristic of Greek mythology involved attributing all events, including natural phenomena, to the will of the gods.

Virtue and the Soul in Plato

Plato’s theory of virtue is based on the concept of harmony, which is linked to his theory of the soul.
He believed that the soul is divided into three parts: rational, spirited, and appetitive.
Each part of the soul has its own function and virtue, in accordance with its nature.
The rational part of the soul strives for wisdom and contemplation of the Forms.
The spirited part of the soul seeks courage and strength, regulating the passions and overcoming challenges.
The appetitive part of the soul seeks pleasure and satisfaction, and needs to be controlled through moderation and temperance.
Justice is achieved when all three parts of the soul are in harmony and each fulfils its proper function.

Plato’s Political Views

Plato believed that the individual is a social being by nature and can only realize their full potential within society.
Plato linked his theory of the soul to his concept of justice, tying together anthropology, ethics, and politics.
Plato’s political views are explored in depth in his most famous work, The Republic, which is described as a utopia.
He criticizes existing political systems and proposes a theoretical model of an ideal society where the philosopher-king leads a just and harmonious state.
In The Republic, Plato argues that the state should be divided into three classes: rulers, warriors, and workers.
He believed that the philosopher-king, possessing wisdom and virtue, should rule the state.
He emphasizes the importance of education in shaping responsible citizens and cultivating virtue.

Plato’s Disillusionment with Politics

Plato's Seventh Letter highlights his disillusionment with politics.
He criticizes the failure of existing political systems and expresses his dissatisfaction with the political climate of his time.
He expresses his desire for a model society where philosophers would rule and ensure justice by guiding society toward the pursuit of knowledge and virtue.
The Republic reflects Plato's idealistic vision for a society founded on reason, justice, and the pursuit of knowledge.
He believed that philosophy was the key to achieving a just and harmonious society, and that philosophers should be responsible for guiding the state.

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Description

Neste cuestionario, explorarase a filosofía política de Platón, incluíndo as súas ideas sobre a sociedade ideal e a crítica que recibiu dos pensadores modernos. A alegoría da caverna, un elemento central na súa obra, tamén será analizada para entender a dualidade da realidade e a importancia da educación na liberación do coñecemento.