Filipino Term 3 Exam Notes

• Review notes for a Filipino 3rd term exam

Sanhi at Bunga (Cause and Effect)

• Sanhi is the cause of an event or the reason for a problem. It uses words like dahil, sapagkat, pagkat, and kasi.
• Bunga is the effect of the cause or what happens after the cause. It uses the word kaya.
• Example: Sumakit ang tiyan ni Sarah, kasi kumain siya ng maraming pagkain (Sarah's stomach ache is the effect, eating a lot of food is the cause).
• Example: Nag aral ng mabuti si Ben, kaya maganda ang kanyang marka (Ben studied hard is the cause, and Ben getting good grades is the effect).

Pang - ugnay (Connectives)

• Connectives link words, phrases, or clauses.

Pang-Angkop (Connecting Words)

• Pang-angkop beautify words by connecting a modifier and the word being modified.
• There are 3 types of pang-angkop:
  • Ng: Used when the last letter of the first word is a vowel (a, e, i, o, u). Example: Magandang bata.
  • Na: Used when the last letter of the first word is a consonant. Example: Kapatid na lalaki.
  • G: Used after a word ending in the letter "n". Example: Ibong adarna.

Pangatnig (Conjunctions)

• Pangatnig connect two sentences, clauses, or phrases.
• Common conjunctions: at, pati, saka, habang, sapagkat, dahil, para, pero, o, bago, upang, sana, at saka, at para, subalit, ni, maging, datapuwat, kung, ngunit.
• Example: Si Teddy ay naghuhugas ng mga plato, habang si Cookie ay naglilinis ng sahig (Teddy is washing the dishes, while Cookie is cleaning the floor).
• Example: Maglalaro si Kate sa labang kung hindi umulan (Kate will play outside if it doesn't rain).
• Example: Gusto ni Sarah lumabas ngunit sobrang lakas ng ulan sa labas (Sarah wants to go out but it's raining really hard).

Pang-ukol (Prepositions)

• Pang-ukol are words that connect a noun or pronoun to other words in a sentence.
• Common prepositions: para kay, para sa, laban kay, laban sa, ayon sa, ayon kay, tungkol sa, tungkol kay, hinggil sa/hinggil kay, alinsunod sa/alinsunod kay, ng, ni/nina, kay/kina.
• Example: Ang mga tao ay gumawa ng protesta laban sa Batas Militar (The people protested against Martial Law).
• Example: Ayon sa balita, walang pasok bukas (According to the news, there's no school tomorrow).
• Example: Tungkol sa polusyon ang letra ko (My letter is about pollution).

Pokus ng Pandiwa (Focus of the Verb)

• The focus of the verb indicates the relationship between the verb and the subject of the sentence.

Pokus sa Tagatanggap (Beneficiary Focus)

• The subject receives the action of the verb.
• Answers the question "para kanino?" (for whom?).
• Example: Kami ay ipinagluto ni Maya ng masarap na pagkain (Maya cooked delicious food for us). The focus is on "kami" (us).

Pokus sa Layon (Object Focus)

• The subject is the direct object of the verb.
• Answers the question "ano?" (what?).
• Example: Nasira ni Jamie ang kaniyang guhit (Jamie broke her drawing). The focus is on "kaniyang guhit" (her drawing).

Pokus sa Ganapan (Locative Focus)

• Indicates the place where the action occurs.
• Answers the question "saan?" (where?).
• Example: Pinagtaniman niya ang bukiran nila ng mga patatas (He planted potatoes in their field). The focus is on "bukiran" (field).

Pokus sa Tagaganap (Actor Focus)

• The subject is the one performing the action.
• Answers the question "sino?" (who?).
• Example: Si Janet ay bumili ng mga laruan (Janet bought toys). The focus is on "Janet".

Pokus sa Gamit (Instrumental Focus)

• The subject is the instrument used to perform the action.
• Answers the question "sa pamamagitan ng ano?" (by means of what?).
• Example: Nagpukpok si Mario ng tornilyo gamit and kanyan martilyo (Mario hammered the nail using his hammer). The focus is on "martilyo" (hammer).

Pokus sa Sanhi (Causal Focus)

• The subject is the cause or reason for the action.
• Answers the question "bakit?" (why?).
• Example: Ikinatuwa ni Daniel ay pag panalo niya sa laro (Daniel was happy because he won the game). The focus is on "pag panalo niya sa laro" (winning the game).