Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which I/O communication method offers the most efficient use of the CPU by minimizing its involvement in data transfer?
Which I/O communication method offers the most efficient use of the CPU by minimizing its involvement in data transfer?
- Interrupt I/O
- Polling I/O
- Direct Memory Access (DMA) (correct)
- Kernel I/O Subsystem
A software development team requires a platform that provides pre-configured tools and services to build and deploy applications without managing the underlying infrastructure. Which cloud virtualization service model best suits their needs?
A software development team requires a platform that provides pre-configured tools and services to build and deploy applications without managing the underlying infrastructure. Which cloud virtualization service model best suits their needs?
- PaaS (Platform as a Service) (correct)
- DaaS (Data as a Service)
- IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
- SaaS (Software as a Service)
In a virtualized environment, which type of hypervisor would be installed directly onto the hardware without requiring a pre-existing operating system?
In a virtualized environment, which type of hypervisor would be installed directly onto the hardware without requiring a pre-existing operating system?
- Type 1 (Bare-Metal) Hypervisor (correct)
- Type 2 (Hosted) Hypervisor
- Container Hypervisor
- Para-virtualized Hypervisor
An operating system needs to manage the printing tasks for multiple users on a network. To handle this, it queues each print job and sends them to the printer in order. Which kernel I/O subsystem function is being utilized?
An operating system needs to manage the printing tasks for multiple users on a network. To handle this, it queues each print job and sends them to the printer in order. Which kernel I/O subsystem function is being utilized?
A computer system experiences a failure during a file write operation due to a faulty storage device. Which aspect of the Kernel I/O Subsystem is responsible for preventing a complete system crash in this scenario?
A computer system experiences a failure during a file write operation due to a faulty storage device. Which aspect of the Kernel I/O Subsystem is responsible for preventing a complete system crash in this scenario?
A user is working with a file system and needs to quickly access a specific record within a large dataset. Which file access method would be most suitable?
A user is working with a file system and needs to quickly access a specific record within a large dataset. Which file access method would be most suitable?
In a file system, which of the following file types is responsible for representing hardware devices?
In a file system, which of the following file types is responsible for representing hardware devices?
An administrator needs to select a file system for a new Windows server that requires advanced security features and large file support. Which file system type should they choose?
An administrator needs to select a file system for a new Windows server that requires advanced security features and large file support. Which file system type should they choose?
An organization wants to optimize its server infrastructure by running multiple operating systems on a single physical machine. Which technology enables them to achieve this?
An organization wants to optimize its server infrastructure by running multiple operating systems on a single physical machine. Which technology enables them to achieve this?
A system administrator is tasked with setting up a file system that provides the most flexibility in terms of file size and avoids external fragmentation as much as possible. Which file allocation method is most suitable?
A system administrator is tasked with setting up a file system that provides the most flexibility in terms of file size and avoids external fragmentation as much as possible. Which file allocation method is most suitable?
In a scenario where minimizing disk fragmentation is a priority, but there is still a need for relatively quick data retrieval, which file allocation method represents the best compromise?
In a scenario where minimizing disk fragmentation is a priority, but there is still a need for relatively quick data retrieval, which file allocation method represents the best compromise?
A system administrator observes that a critical server frequently crashes. To minimize downtime, what virtualization benefit can they leverage?
A system administrator observes that a critical server frequently crashes. To minimize downtime, what virtualization benefit can they leverage?
An organization needs to quickly deploy several new servers with specific configurations for a short-term project. Which of the benefits of virtualization is most relevant in this scenario?
An organization needs to quickly deploy several new servers with specific configurations for a short-term project. Which of the benefits of virtualization is most relevant in this scenario?
Flashcards
System Snapshot
System Snapshot
Saving the current state of a system, used for backups or restoration.
Type 1 Hypervisor
Type 1 Hypervisor
Hypervisor that runs directly on the hardware, without needing an OS.
IaaS
IaaS
Cloud service providing virtualized servers and storage resources.
Polling I/O
Polling I/O
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I/O Scheduling
I/O Scheduling
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What is a File?
What is a File?
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File Structure
File Structure
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Ordinary Files
Ordinary Files
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Directory Files
Directory Files
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Contiguous Allocation
Contiguous Allocation
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Linked Allocation
Linked Allocation
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Indexed Allocation
Indexed Allocation
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Virtual Machines (VMs)
Virtual Machines (VMs)
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Study Notes
- Files are collections of related data on secondary storage.
- Files are identified via a name and extension.
File Structure
- File structure dictates how files are organized
- It helps with file retrieval and management.
Types of Files
- Ordinary files contain user data that can contain text, databases, and executable programs.
- Directory files store names and metadata of other files.
- Special Files represent hardware devices.
- Character Special Files handle data character by character
- Block Special Files which handle data in blocks.
File System Types
- FAT (File Allocation Table) is used in older Windows versions.
- NTFS (New Technology File System) is used in modern Windows with advanced security.
- ext (Extended File System) is common in Linux.
- HFS/APFS is the file system used in macOS.
File Directories
- A Single-Level Directory stores all files in one directory.
- A Two-Level Directory provides each user with a separate directory.
- A Tree-Structured Directory uses a hierarchical system.
File Allocation Methods
- Contiguous Allocation stores a file in a single continuous block, making it prone to fragmentation.
- Linked Allocation has each file block point to the next one.
- Indexed Allocation utilizes an index table to locate file blocks.
File Access Methods
- Sequential Access reads file data in order.
- Direct/Random Access can jump directly to specific data.
- Indexed Sequential Access uses an index for faster lookups.
Free Space Management
- A Bit Table is a bitmap marking free and occupied blocks.
- A Free Block List tracks available disk blocks.
- Grouping stores addresses of free blocks in linked lists.
Virtualization
- Virtualization can run multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical computer.
- It reduces the need for physical hardware.
Benefits of Virtualization
- Resource efficiency maximizes hardware usage.
- Virtual machines are easier to maintain.
- One can switch between virtual machines if one crashes with minimal downtime.
- VMs can be set up quickly compared to physical machine with faster provisioning.
Virtual Machines (VMs)
- Virtual Machines are software-based simulations of physical computers.
- Each VM has its own configuration and storage.
- One can take snapshots to save system states of VMs.
Hypervisors (VM Coordinators)
- Type 1 (Bare-Metal) hypervisors run directly on hardware.
- Type 2 (Hosted) hypervisors run inside an existing OS.
Cloud Virtualization
- IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) provides virtualized servers and storage.
- PaaS (Platform as a Service) provides tools for application development.
- SaaS (Software as a Service) provides cloud-based applications.
Device Management
- The OS manages input/output devices like keyboards, printers, and storage.
- It uses device drivers to communicate with hardware.
- Device Controllers act as intermediaries between hardware and drivers.
I/O Communication Methods
- Polling I/O: The CPU repeatedly checks if the device is ready.
- Interrupt I/O: The device notifies the CPU
- Direct Memory Access (DMA): Transfers data directly to memory without CPU intervention.
Kernel I/O Subsystem
- Scheduling manages the order of I/O requests.
- Buffering temporarily stores data during transfers.
- Caching keeps frequently used data in fast memory.
- Spooling queues data for slow devices like printers.
- Error Handling prevents crashes due to I/O failures.
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