File Systems, Storage & RAID Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary advantage of using RAID 1?

  • Cost efficiency
  • Speed of data retrieval
  • Reliability (correct)
  • Performance

Which file system feature is most closely associated with reducing the risk of data corruption during a system crash?

  • Journaling (correct)
  • Snapshots
  • Volume Management
  • Checksumming

In RAID 4, where are the parity bits stored?

  • On the last drive (correct)
  • Distributed across all drives
  • In a separate backup drive
  • On the first drive

Which feature of next-generation file systems contributes to data integrity by detecting data corruption?

<p>Self-healing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic drawback of using RAID 0?

<p>Lower reliability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a file's metadata?

<p>To provide information about the file (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many partitions can be defined in a GUID Partition Table (GPT)?

<p>128 partitions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a symbolic link?

<p>A pointer to another file in the file system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does RAID 6 differ from RAID 5?

<p>It can withstand two drives failing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes an inode?

<p>It holds metadata about files and directories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of next-generation file systems?

<p>Reduced data retrieval time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes a file system like FAT32 from one like EXT4?

<p>EXT4 allows for journaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which file type is associated with installers on Windows systems?

<p>.msi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'Magic Bytes' in file types?

<p>They are used to identify file formats without extensions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the Logical File System differ from the Physical File System?

<p>The Logical File System abstracts file storage management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a directory play in a file system?

<p>It provides a list of filenames and their locations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates sectors from blocks in the context of file systems?

<p>Sectors are physical divisions, while blocks are logical divisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about IOPS is accurate?

<p>HDDs typically achieve IOPS between 100 to 1500. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of performance and capacity, how do HDDs compare to SSDs?

<p>SSDs outperform HDDs in speed but generally have lower capacity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of fragmentation in file systems?

<p>Increased read/write times due to scattered data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of partitions in storage devices?

<p>To organize data and manage storage space efficiently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which block device notation refers to SSDs in UNIX-like systems?

<p>/dev/nvme0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the response time of I/O operations typically vary between HDDs and SSDs?

<p>SSDs provide lower response times than HDDs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum storage unit typically associated with sectors?

<p>4 KB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a partition?

A section of a hard drive that is used to store files. There are different types of partitions, such as those created using the Master Boot Record (MBR) and the GUID Partition Table (GPT).

What is a file system?

A file system is a way of organizing and storing files on a computer. Some common examples include FAT32, EXT4, NTFS, and APFS.

What is a file?

A file is a collection of data that is stored on a computer. Files can contain different types of data, such as text, images, and videos. Files have metadata, which describes properties like size, ownership, date created, and access permissions.

What is an Inode?

Inodes are data structures that hold metadata about files and directories. They include information like file size, access permissions, and ownership.

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Why is the filename not stored in the Inode?

The filename is stored in the directory, not within the Inode. This is because the filename is a name that is assigned by the user, while the Inode contains important technical information about the file.

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Sectors

Physical divisions of a disk that serve as the smallest storage units. Typically 4 KB in size.

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Blocks

A logical division of a file system, typically 4 KB, used for organizing and storing data.

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Block Device

A physical device, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), solid state drive (SSD), or NVMe drive, that stores data in blocks.

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File System

A collection of data organized into a hierarchical structure of directories and files.

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Sequential Access

Process of accessing data sequentially, reading or writing data in a continuous order. Efficient for large data transfers.

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Random Access

Process of accessing data randomly, reading or writing data in any order. Less efficient than sequential access.

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IOPS (I/O Operations Per Second)

A measure of how many input/output operations a storage device can perform per second. Higher IOPS indicate better performance.

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Partitions

The process of dividing a disk into separate sections, each containing a unique file system. This allows for multiple operating systems or data storage spaces on a single disk.

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Hard Link

A hard link is a direct pointer to a file or directory on a file system. It allows multiple names—or links—to point to the same file or directory.

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Symbolic Link

A symbolic link is a special type of file that points to another file or directory. It is essentially an alias or shortcut to another file.

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Journaling file system

Journaling file systems keep track of changes made to the file system in a separate area called a journal. This allows the file system to recover its state more easily after a system crash.

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RAID

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a technology that combines multiple hard drives into a single logical unit for improved performance, reliability, or both. It involves storing data across multiple drives in a redundant manner.

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RAID 0

Striping data across multiple drives without redundancy, RAID 0 increases performance but sacrifices reliability since a single drive failure will render the entire array unusable.

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RAID 1

RAID 1 creates an exact duplicate of the data on different drives, providing high reliability but potentially wasting a significant amount of storage space.

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RAID 4

RAID 4 uses parity bits to detect and reconstruct data in case of a drive failure. Data is striped across drives, and parity information is stored on a dedicated drive.

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RAID 6

RAID 6 is similar to RAID 4, but it uses two parity drives instead of one. This allows the RAID array to tolerate two drive failures while still maintaining data integrity.

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Study Notes

File Systems, Storage & RAID

  • The course is about file systems, storage, and RAID.
  • The presenter is Ahmad Rzgar Hamid, with the email address [email protected].
  • The date of the presentation is November 15, 2024.

Exercises

  • If the Fio program is not available, run it in a container.
  • Exercise 06 is difficult.
  • It's recommended to use a container to run the exercise.

Exam

  • The exam will have approximately 48 multiple-choice questions and 2 short answer questions.

Curriculum

  • Reading lists are part of the curriculum.
  • Lectures will be given.
  • Exercises are included in the curriculum.
  • Further information is available on the L01 slides.

Block Devices

  • Examples of block devices include /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, ... , /dev/nvme0, /dev/nvme1, with images of devices like a USB flash drive, SSD (Solid-State Drive), and a hard disk drive (HDD).

File System

  • Some directories contain kernel information, like /dev and /proc.
  • The presentation shows a directory structure, illustrating locations like /bin, /opt, /boot, /root, /dev, /sbin, /etc, /srv, /home, /tmp, /lib, /usr, /media, /var, and /mnt.

Random vs. Sequential Access

  • A diagram contrasting random and sequential access is shown.
  • A table presents read and write speeds (in MB/s) for a 1 TB Seagate hard drive.

Fragmentation

  • The presentation includes diagrams illustrating the concept of fragmentation.

Sectors & Blocks

  • A sector is a physical division of a disk, with a minimum storage unit generally equal to 4 KB.
  • A block is a logical division within a file system and has a minimum storage unit also equal to 4 KB.

IOPS

  • IOPS stands for I/O Operations Per Second.
  • HD performance (HDD) ranges from 100 to 1500 IOPS.
  • SSD performance is typically 35,000+ IOPS.
  • M.2 performance exceeds 1,000,000 IOPS.
  • Tools such as Fio are used to test I/O capabilities.

Partitions

  • A table of partitions with hexadecimal values (0x0000 to 0x00FF) is shown.
  • Partition tables represent different partitions in the system.

MBR & GPT

  • MBR (Master Boot Record) uses 4 partitions and can extend to 28 partitions.
  • GPT (GUID Partition Table) supports 128 partitions.

HDD vs. SSD vs. RAM

  • A table comparing capacity, performance, and price for HDD, SSD, and RAM reveals that HDDs have the largest capacities, but lower performance and higher prices. Conversely, SSDs have high performance at a lower capacity, and RAM has the lowest capacity and price, but highest performance.

Data Structures

  • A file is comprised of binary data and metadata.
  • Metadata includes timestamps (created, edited, accessed), file size, owner, group, and filename.
  • The presentation includes diagrams illustrating the structure of files and directories.

File Systems

  • Three layers of file systems are discussed: physical, virtual, and logical.
  • Various file system types, including FAT32, EXT4, EXT3, NTFS, and APFS, are mentioned.

File Types

  • Linux and Windows extensions (e.g., .so, .sh, .deb, .tar.gz, .bin, .dll, .bat, .msi, .zsip, .exe) for various file types are shown in a table.

Directories

  • Directories are lists of filenames.
  • The presentation explains various directory options, including different metadata storage structures for Linux and Windows.

Inodes

  • Inodes are data structures that store metadata about files and directories within a file system.
  • This metadata includes aspects like file size, file type, access times, and permissions.
  • The presentation clarifies concepts of hard links and symbolic links.

Mounting a File System

  • Mounting a file system extends the file system with another file system.
  • Commands like mount /dev/sda /mnt/usbkey and umount /dev/sda are exemplified.

Journaling

  • The journaling system tracks uncommitted changes to maintain data integrity in case of system crashes.
  • A file system is paired with a journaling system to preserve data.

Next Generation File Systems

  • Next-generation file systems involve features like BitRot, Filesystems, Snapshots, Volume Management, Checksumming, Self-healing, and Replication.

RAID

  • RAID is an acronym for Redundant Array of Independent Disks.
  • RAID configurations like 0, 1, and 4 are explained.
  • RAID 6 can withstand two drive failures.

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