Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary advantage of using RAID 1?
What is the primary advantage of using RAID 1?
Which file system feature is most closely associated with reducing the risk of data corruption during a system crash?
Which file system feature is most closely associated with reducing the risk of data corruption during a system crash?
In RAID 4, where are the parity bits stored?
In RAID 4, where are the parity bits stored?
Which feature of next-generation file systems contributes to data integrity by detecting data corruption?
Which feature of next-generation file systems contributes to data integrity by detecting data corruption?
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What is a characteristic drawback of using RAID 0?
What is a characteristic drawback of using RAID 0?
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What is the primary purpose of a file's metadata?
What is the primary purpose of a file's metadata?
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How many partitions can be defined in a GUID Partition Table (GPT)?
How many partitions can be defined in a GUID Partition Table (GPT)?
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Which of the following best describes a symbolic link?
Which of the following best describes a symbolic link?
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How does RAID 6 differ from RAID 5?
How does RAID 6 differ from RAID 5?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes an inode?
Which of the following statements accurately describes an inode?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of next-generation file systems?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of next-generation file systems?
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What feature distinguishes a file system like FAT32 from one like EXT4?
What feature distinguishes a file system like FAT32 from one like EXT4?
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Which file type is associated with installers on Windows systems?
Which file type is associated with installers on Windows systems?
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What is the significance of 'Magic Bytes' in file types?
What is the significance of 'Magic Bytes' in file types?
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In what way does the Logical File System differ from the Physical File System?
In what way does the Logical File System differ from the Physical File System?
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What role does a directory play in a file system?
What role does a directory play in a file system?
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What differentiates sectors from blocks in the context of file systems?
What differentiates sectors from blocks in the context of file systems?
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Which of the following statements about IOPS is accurate?
Which of the following statements about IOPS is accurate?
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In terms of performance and capacity, how do HDDs compare to SSDs?
In terms of performance and capacity, how do HDDs compare to SSDs?
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What is a common consequence of fragmentation in file systems?
What is a common consequence of fragmentation in file systems?
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What is the primary purpose of partitions in storage devices?
What is the primary purpose of partitions in storage devices?
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Which block device notation refers to SSDs in UNIX-like systems?
Which block device notation refers to SSDs in UNIX-like systems?
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How does the response time of I/O operations typically vary between HDDs and SSDs?
How does the response time of I/O operations typically vary between HDDs and SSDs?
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What is the minimum storage unit typically associated with sectors?
What is the minimum storage unit typically associated with sectors?
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Study Notes
File Systems, Storage & RAID
- The course is about file systems, storage, and RAID.
- The presenter is Ahmad Rzgar Hamid, with the email address [email protected].
- The date of the presentation is November 15, 2024.
Exercises
- If the Fio program is not available, run it in a container.
- Exercise 06 is difficult.
- It's recommended to use a container to run the exercise.
Exam
- The exam will have approximately 48 multiple-choice questions and 2 short answer questions.
Curriculum
- Reading lists are part of the curriculum.
- Lectures will be given.
- Exercises are included in the curriculum.
- Further information is available on the L01 slides.
Block Devices
- Examples of block devices include /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, ... , /dev/nvme0, /dev/nvme1, with images of devices like a USB flash drive, SSD (Solid-State Drive), and a hard disk drive (HDD).
File System
- Some directories contain kernel information, like /dev and /proc.
- The presentation shows a directory structure, illustrating locations like /bin, /opt, /boot, /root, /dev, /sbin, /etc, /srv, /home, /tmp, /lib, /usr, /media, /var, and /mnt.
Random vs. Sequential Access
- A diagram contrasting random and sequential access is shown.
- A table presents read and write speeds (in MB/s) for a 1 TB Seagate hard drive.
Fragmentation
- The presentation includes diagrams illustrating the concept of fragmentation.
Sectors & Blocks
- A sector is a physical division of a disk, with a minimum storage unit generally equal to 4 KB.
- A block is a logical division within a file system and has a minimum storage unit also equal to 4 KB.
IOPS
- IOPS stands for I/O Operations Per Second.
- HD performance (HDD) ranges from 100 to 1500 IOPS.
- SSD performance is typically 35,000+ IOPS.
- M.2 performance exceeds 1,000,000 IOPS.
- Tools such as Fio are used to test I/O capabilities.
Partitions
- A table of partitions with hexadecimal values (0x0000 to 0x00FF) is shown.
- Partition tables represent different partitions in the system.
MBR & GPT
- MBR (Master Boot Record) uses 4 partitions and can extend to 28 partitions.
- GPT (GUID Partition Table) supports 128 partitions.
HDD vs. SSD vs. RAM
- A table comparing capacity, performance, and price for HDD, SSD, and RAM reveals that HDDs have the largest capacities, but lower performance and higher prices. Conversely, SSDs have high performance at a lower capacity, and RAM has the lowest capacity and price, but highest performance.
Data Structures
- A file is comprised of binary data and metadata.
- Metadata includes timestamps (created, edited, accessed), file size, owner, group, and filename.
- The presentation includes diagrams illustrating the structure of files and directories.
File Systems
- Three layers of file systems are discussed: physical, virtual, and logical.
- Various file system types, including FAT32, EXT4, EXT3, NTFS, and APFS, are mentioned.
File Types
- Linux and Windows extensions (e.g., .so, .sh, .deb, .tar.gz, .bin, .dll, .bat, .msi, .zsip, .exe) for various file types are shown in a table.
Directories
- Directories are lists of filenames.
- The presentation explains various directory options, including different metadata storage structures for Linux and Windows.
Inodes
- Inodes are data structures that store metadata about files and directories within a file system.
- This metadata includes aspects like file size, file type, access times, and permissions.
Links
- The presentation clarifies concepts of hard links and symbolic links.
Mounting a File System
- Mounting a file system extends the file system with another file system.
- Commands like
mount /dev/sda /mnt/usbkeyandumount /dev/sdaare exemplified.
Journaling
- The journaling system tracks uncommitted changes to maintain data integrity in case of system crashes.
- A file system is paired with a journaling system to preserve data.
Next Generation File Systems
- Next-generation file systems involve features like BitRot, Filesystems, Snapshots, Volume Management, Checksumming, Self-healing, and Replication.
RAID
- RAID is an acronym for Redundant Array of Independent Disks.
- RAID configurations like 0, 1, and 4 are explained.
- RAID 6 can withstand two drive failures.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in file systems, storage technologies, and RAID configurations as presented by Ahmad Rzgar Hamid. It includes questions based on the curriculum, exercises, and practical applications related to block devices and file management. Prepare to test your knowledge on these crucial IT topics!
