Global Ethics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of UNICEF partner OIS Afrique's meeting in the African communities?

To spread knowledge about FGM (correct)

To enforce laws against FGM

To provide education to women only

To engage in public discussions with men only

What is the relationship between a mother's level of education and the proportion of girls who undergo FGM?

The proportion of girls who undergo FGM is unaffected by their mother's level of education

There is no correlation between a mother's level of education and the proportion of girls who undergo FGM

The proportion of girls who undergo FGM decreases as their mother's level of education increases (correct)

The proportion of girls who undergo FGM increases as their mother's level of education increases

What is the primary role of local organisations in the process of eradicating FGM?

To play an important role in spreading awareness and education (correct)

To enforce laws against FGM

To engage in public discussions with men only

To provide education to women only

What is the significance of education in the process of eradicating FGM?

It is extremely important in the process of eradicating FGM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of global ethics?

To provide answers to the dilemmas of globalisation Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between global ethics and vulnerable people?

Global ethics results in a general bias towards vulnerable people Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of universal concepts in the context of eradicating FGM?

They need to be translated into particular ones for each context Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of public discussions and gatherings in the process of eradicating FGM?

They play a key role in reducing both supply and demand for FGM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intention in the first scenario where the trolley will kill the five people?

To save the five people Signup and view all the answers

What is the morally worse action according to the text?

Harming someone as a means to an end Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the moral worth of an action in Consequentialism?

The consequences of the action Signup and view all the answers

What is the doctrine that states that intending harm is worse than foreseeing it?

The doctrine of the double effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the fat man scenario and the first scenario?

The intention to harm in the fat man scenario Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key principle of Utilitarianism?

The greatest good for the greatest number Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Ethical Egoism and Utilitarianism?

The consideration of only individual consequences vs. universal consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the lecture on political theories?

The relevance of political theories for global ethics Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea of the 'principle of impartiality' in Utilitarianism?

Every individual's happiness counts equally Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main approaches in political theory discussed in the lecture?

Cosmopolitanism, nationalism, and political realism Signup and view all the answers

What is the duty of non-maleficence according to the text?

The duty not to harm as a tool and also not to harm others as foreseen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Utilitarianism, according to Bentham and Mill?

To make as many people as possible as happy as possible Signup and view all the answers

What is the moral implication of pushing the large man off the bridge?

It is morally wrong because it involves intending to harm the large man Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature shared by the three types of Consequentialism?

The consideration of consequences of actions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of Consequentialism?

Deontology Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of Consequentialism?

It is too subjective and relative Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern for a cosmopolitan thinker?

The individual and their moral worth Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea shared by all cosmopolitan views?

The concept of a single global community Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of cosmopolitanism?

Treating individuals with moral worth regardless of their nationality Signup and view all the answers

What is the main political question that cosmopolitanism seeks to address?

What political frameworks are most likely to provide the conditions necessary for peaceful coexistence with others Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Article 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in relation to cosmopolitanism?

It establishes the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the concept of impartiality in cosmopolitanism?

That individuals should be treated equally regardless of their nationality Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the concept of universality in cosmopolitanism?

It implies that every living human should be treated equally Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a citizen of the world?

Cosmopolitan Signup and view all the answers

What is the core concept of Institutional Cosmopolitanism?

Achieving a world of decent and peaceful societies through global political association Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Strong and Weak Moral Cosmopolitanism?

Recognition of moral duties to aid humans in need, with or without national boundaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Moral Cosmopolitanism?

Individuals and their equal moral status or dignity Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between the Society-of-States approach and the World-State approach in Institutional Cosmopolitanism?

State-centered approach versus cosmopolitan law Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility in Institutional Cosmopolitanism?

Indirect responsibility for establishing just institutions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary claim of Moral Cosmopolitanism?

Individuals have equal moral status or dignity Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Institutional Cosmopolitanism and justice?

Institutional Cosmopolitanism advocates for a global vision of distributive justice Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between Cosmopolitan Law and International Law?

International Law is more state-centered than Cosmopolitan Law Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

It identifies the scope of rights holders and duty bearers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of states in realizing human rights?

To respect, protect, and fulfill human rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in implementing human rights?

States acting to promote human rights only when it is in their best interest. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in human rights?

It enforces respect for human rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between states and human rights treaties?

States automatically assume the principle role of guaranteeing human rights by ratifying treaties. Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of human rights implementation?

Respecting, protecting, and fulfilling human rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of identifying rights holders and duty bearers?

It clarifies who has the duty to bring about the enjoyment of human rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in incorporating human rights norms in domestic law?

Implementing human rights norms in domestic practice. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court?

International crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Rome Statute?

To serve as the foundation and governing document of the ICC Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ratification in the development of international human rights?

It makes a legal binding commitment to the treaty for the country Signup and view all the answers

What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

A non-binding declaration that sets out fundamental human rights Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the ICC and states that have accepted its jurisdiction?

The ICC only has jurisdiction over states that have ratified the Rome Statute Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ICC's jurisdictional limitations?

It limits the ICC's ability to investigate crimes committed in non-party states Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the development of international human rights?

Developing international law and treaties that protect human rights Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent human rights treaties?

Subsequent human rights treaties have supplemented and expanded on the UDHR Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of global ethics in the context of poverty?

Justice for the poor Signup and view all the answers

What is the current ranking of Nigeria in terms of extreme poverty?

Highest in the world Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between poverty and hunger?

Poverty is a cause of hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of addressing poverty and hunger in global ethics?

To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding poverty as a problem?

To develop effective solutions to poverty Signup and view all the answers

What is the utilitarian approach to addressing poverty?

Endorsing foreign aid as a moral obligation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of poverty in the context of global security and stability?

It is a major threat to global security and stability Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of education in addressing poverty?

It is a crucial factor in eradicating poverty Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of Thomas Aquinas's statement about material goods and human needs?

That the rich have a moral obligation to give their surplus to the poor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle underlying Peter Singer's argument?

That impartiality and equality are universal moral principles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of rejecting the principle of proximity or distance being morally insignificant?

That discrimination based on geographical location is justified. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of Singer's argument that the number of people who could perform the saving action is morally insignificant?

That individuals are morally obligated to take action regardless of the number of others who could help. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Thomas Aquinas's statement in the context of Peter Singer's argument?

It provides historical precedent for the idea that surplus resources should be used to benefit the poor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Peter Singer's argument and the concept of utilitarianism?

Singer's argument is an application of utilitarian principles to global poverty. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of Singer's argument for individual moral obligations?

That individuals have a moral obligation to take action to alleviate global poverty. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the concept of superabundance in Thomas Aquinas's statement?

It refers to the excess resources available to the rich. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of Bentham towards the concept of human rights?

He claimed that human rights do not exist and are based on false assumptions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary argument made by Bentham against the idea of natural rights?

That natural rights are incompatible with the concept of society. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the French Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizens in the context of Bentham's critique?

It is a flawed document that Bentham uses to illustrate the shortcomings of natural rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Bentham's critique of human rights and the concept of utilitarianism?

Bentham's critique of human rights is based on the principles of utilitarianism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of Bentham's claim that human rights are 'nonsense upon stilts'?

That human rights are not meaningful or useful concepts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the dialogical process in the context of human rights?

To facilitate collective deliberation and criticism of human rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Bentham's critique of human rights in the context of global ethics?

It highlights the limitations and flaws of the concept of human rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Bentham's critique of human rights and the concept of classical utilitarianism?

Bentham's critique of human rights is a key component of classical utilitarianism. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

FGM and Education

FGM (Female Genital Mutilation) can be reduced through education and awareness, especially among mothers with higher levels of education.
Local organizations play a crucial role in spreading knowledge about FGM and promoting change.
Education is vital for empowering individuals to challenge traditional practices and participate in the process of change.

Global Ethics and Universal Concepts

The concept of "body integrity" needs to be translated into specific contexts to promote change.
Public discussions and gatherings are essential for reducing both supply and demand for FGM.
Societal dialogue plays a key role in promoting change and understanding universal concepts.

Universalism and Relativism

Universalism and relativism are two contrasting approaches to ethics, with no clear answer to which is the best theory.
Consequentialism is a moral theory that prioritizes the consequences of an action, with three types: ethical egoism, group consequentialism, and utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism, founded by Bentham and Mill, aims to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people, with the principle of impartiality: "everybody to count for one, nobody for more than one."

The Trolley Problem

The trolley problem is a thought experiment that raises questions about moral decision-making and the intention to harm.
The difference between the two scenarios lies in the intention to harm and the use of someone as a means to an end.

Political Theories

Cosmopolitanism, nationalism, and political realism are three approaches to political theory, with cosmopolitanism emphasizing the idea of a shared global community.
Cosmopolitanism has three key features: individuality, universality, and impartiality.
There are different types of cosmopolitanism, including moral and institutional cosmopolitanism, with varying focuses on individual well-being and global justice.

Institutional Cosmopolitanism

Institutional cosmopolitanism advocates for a global political association and a vision of distributive justice.
It has two approaches: the Society-of-States approach and the World-State approach, differing in their emphasis on international law and cosmopolitan law.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights sets a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations.
Human Rights are not legally binding unless national implementing legislation is passed.
In invoking Human Rights, it is essential to identify the elements considered to be entitlements and specify the agents with the duty to bring about the enjoyment of those entitlements.

Implementation of Human Rights

States are the primary duty bearers, having assumed the principle rule of guaranteeing Human Rights by ratifying UN HRs treaties.
The state's scope is threefold: respect, protect, and fulfill.
International mechanisms, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC), are authorized to enforce some respect for Human Rights.
The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

Development of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is the most universal Human Rights document, delineating thirty fundamental rights that constitute the basis for a democratic society.
Dozens of treaties and agreements have supplemented the UDHR, creating binding legal obligations for states.

History of Human Rights

Human Rights should be thought of as a common language that creates the basis for collective deliberation, open to interpretation, discussion, and criticism.

Critiques of the Rights Framework: Bentham

Bentham dismissed the idea of Human Rights as "nonsense upon stilts," arguing that they simply do not exist.
Bentham's philosophical critique of natural rights claims that society can provide no evidence of their existence.

Global Poverty

Poverty is the main cause of chronic hunger, and hunger perpetuates poverty.
Despite a high and growing global average income, billions of people are still condemned to life-long severe misery.
Helping the poor is not a question of charity but a question of justice.

Overview of Poverty

Poverty is seen as the world's greatest problem, posing a significant threat to the planet's future security and stability.
According to a report, Nigeria has over 90 million people living in poverty, making it the world's extreme poverty capital.

Utilitarian Approach to Poverty: Peter Singer

Peter Singer endorses a utilitarian approach to foreign aid, arguing that proximity or distance are morally insignificant.
Singer resists the idea that a person's duty to help another person is lessened if there are millions of others who could help.
According to Singer, whatever a person has in superabundance is owed, of natural right, to the poor for their sustenance.

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Description

This quiz assesses knowledge about Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and its relation to education and community involvement. It explores the role of local organizations and the importance of education in decreasing FGM practices.