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Questions and Answers

Mixing is also referred to as what?

blending

To ensure maximum effectiveness, use foam concentrates __________ the specific percentage for which they are intended to be proportioned.

  • within plus or minus 2% of
  • only at
  • within 10% greater than
  • plus or minus 5% of (correct)

    • Firefighting foam solution is __________ percent water.

  • 94 to 99.9 (correct)
  • 95 to 98.6
  • 80 to 85.5
  • 80 to 90.7

    • The most effective type of foam for use on polar solvents is:

    <p>alcohol-resistant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foams designed for Class B fuel fires are used at __________ percent concentration.

    <p>1 to 6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding the application of firefighting foam, the major difference between hydrocarbon and polar solvent fuels is that:

    <p>polar solvents are water soluble (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Application rate in relationship to a flammable liquids fire is:

    <p>amount of foam or foam solution needed to extinguish a fire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fuel resistance is:

    <p>the ability to tolerate the fuel and to avoid being saturated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the ways foam is applied using a nozzle?

    <p>Sub-surface injection technique (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solubility is defined as:

    <p>having the ability to mix with water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Friction loss is:

    <p>that part of total pressure that is lost while water moves through a hose line (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of fire might it be better to allow the fire to burn itself out, rather than applying water as an extinguishing agent?

    <p>Pesticides and gases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The preferred method of controlling flammable liquid fires is:

    <p>the use of foam (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liquids that have flash points less than __________ are __________ liquids.

    <p>100°F, flammable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unburned flammable liquid vapors are usually __________ than air and __________.

    <p>heavier, will form pools in low areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At flammable liquid spills, fire apparatus should be positioned:

    <p>uphill and upwind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Combustible liquids are those that have a flash point higher than __________o F.

    <p>100 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the most important problems that must be addressed during a flammable liquids incident is:

    <p>to control all ignition sources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water can be used at fires involving a flammable liquid as a cooling agent, mechanical tool, protective cover, and:

    <p>substitute medium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once the valve on a container of flammable liquids has been shut off, the hose crew should:

    <p>continue to apply water as they exit the area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms regarding the use of water on Class B fire:

    <p>Cooling agent = Most useful for exposure protection Mechanical tool = Fire attack Substitute medium = Displace fuel from pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four basic methods by which foam may be proportioned are: Injection, Premixing, Induction, and:

    <p>Batch-mixing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After extinguishing a Class B fire with foam, the area should be:

    <p>monitored for reignition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a hydrocarbon?

    <p>Ketone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The safest recommended means for a firefighter to disconnect electrical service to a building is to:

    <p>shut off the main power breaker/fuse in the panel box (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The only effective measure for protecting firefighters from an imminent building collapse is to:

    <p>remove personnel from the building (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A roof that is elevated in the center and with an angular slope to the edges is called a __________ roof.

    <p>pitched/gabled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upon arrival at the scene of a fully-involved building fire, a firefighter observes large metal stars mounted on the exterior walls and tie rods. The firefighter should:

    <p>take special precautions with respect to possible building collapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary fire hazard in fire resistive construction is the:

    <p>contents of the structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horizontal extension of fire includes all of the following means of heat transfer except through:

    <p>ceilings and floors by direct flame contact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of construction that has the greatest resistance to structural damage by fire is __________ construction.

    <p>fire resistant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a company officer arrives first on a fire scene, the officer is in command until:

    <p>A chief officer arrives and may choose to assume command. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An employee becomes frustrated because he/she cannot comply with conflicting orders from different bosses. This situation was caused by a violation of:

    <p>Unity of command. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the fire service, division of labor is necessary to:

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Policies are examples of standing plans designed to provide:

    <p>Guidance for decision making. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A procedure is a(n):

    <p>Detailed guide to action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is one of the major functions of the Incident Management System?

    <p>Planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Incident Management System has a number of components that provide the basis for an effective IMS operation. Which of the following is not one of these components?

    <p>Prefire plans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a major functional area of the Incident Management System?

    <p>Groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NFPA __________ is the standard that contains minimum requirements and procedures for a safety and health program.

    <p>1500 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passengers and drivers/operators of responding emergency vehicles should do all of the following except:

    <p>Ride on the tailboard. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under normal conditions, only a(n) __________ may order multiple alarms or additional resources for large-scale incidents.

    <p>Incident Commander</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As it relates to the Incident Management System (IMS), a division refers to:

    <p>A geographic location or designation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a component of an Incident Management System?

    <p>Independent action plans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Incident Management System should:

    <p>Be initiated by the first fire unit on the scene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tracking of personnel working at an incident requires a system that is standardized for every incident to establish:

    <p>Accountability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Incident Management System, the __________ has authority over the ordering, releasing, and controlling resources.

    <p>Incident Commander</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Incident Management System, __________ are functional crews assigned to perform a specific task such as ventilation or rescue.

    <p>Groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within the Incident Management System, the positions of Safety, Liaison, and Information are:

    <p>Command staff positions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Incident Management System is best defined as:

    <p>An organized, systematic method for the command, control, and management of an emergency incident. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal number of individuals that one person should be supervising at an emergency incident?

    <p>Five (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order for the Incident Management System to function properly, it must contain all of the following components except:

    <p>All personnel from a single agency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the Incident Management System, the __________ is responsible for determining the strategic goals for control of an incident.

    <p>Incident Commander</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the Incident Management System, the __________ is responsible for implementing the tactical assignments to meet the strategic goal.

    <p>Operations Chief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the Incident Management System, the __________ Officer is responsible for providing factual and accurate information to the media.

    <p>Public Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The arrival report should contain:

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    United States fire loss statistics show that most structure fires, most fire damage, and most injuries and fatalities occur in __________ occupancies.

    <p>Residential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following items would not be found in the risk/benefit philosophy of a risk management plan?

    <p>Where no life or valued property can be saved, risk shall be taken by firefighters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Risk management is:

    <p>The process of minimizing the chance, degree, or probability of damage, loss, or injury. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of call, action taken, number of injuries or fatalities, and the property usage information are all entries to be included on an __________ report.

    <p>NFIRS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A uniform data collection system used by most departments to track incident information is known as the:

    <p>National Fire Incident Reporting System. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Of the following, the information that would not be contained on a fire report is the:

    <p>IDLH conditions prior to fire attack. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding fire reports is incorrect?

    <p>NFIRS do not need to be completed for EMS runs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding fire incident reports is incorrect?

    <p>All states in the U.S. participate in the NFIRS program. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fire incident information is reported to the:

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two most common ways the incident commander orders firefighters to evacuate a structure are to broadcast a radio message and:

    <p>Sound an audible warning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Audible warning devices for emergency evacuation should be:

    <p>Broadcast several times. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is important that the communication center be kept advised of the actions taken at emergency scenes. Progress reports should include all of the following except:

    <p>Number of units in staging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fire departments that operate radio equipment must hold radio licenses from the:

    <p>Federal Communications Commission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A(n) __________ System tracks fire department units on a map as they move around city or town streets.

    <p>Automatic Vehicle Locating (A.V.L.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ System can significantly shorten response time or enable a dispatcher to handle a greater volume of calls.

    <p>Computer-Aided Dispatch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fire departments that have access to multiple radio channels, emergency operations should be:

    <p>Both A and C are correct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not true of cellular phones in reporting emergencies?

    <p>Callers are more likely to know the exact location. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The important difference between Basic 911 and Enhanced 911 is that:

    <p>Enhanced systems have the capability to provide the caller's telephone number and address. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Computer-aided dispatch is:

    <p>A computer-based, automated system that assists the telecommunicator in assessing dispatch information and recommends responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The communications center is:

    <p>The hub of the operation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The benefit of a good scene size-up is all of the following except:

    <p>The effects of initial fire attack on the fire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emergency communications backup power sources should:

    <p>Be tested on a regular basis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Status reports should be made ten minutes into the incident and at __________ minute intervals thereafter until the incident is under control.

    <p>10 - 15 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial report given by first arriving companies is called a:

    <p>Size-up. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The report given to the I.C. from an interior crew which tells the I.C. the fire is controlled would be a(n):

    <p>Progress/status report. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is important to remember in placing a foam line in service using an in-line proportioner?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the most common type of foam proportioner used in the fire service?

    <p>In-line eductors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ nozzle is used with a foam solution to produce a low-expansion, short-lasting foam.

    <p>Water-aspirating foam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elements needed to produce quality firefighting foam include:

    <p>Mechanical aeration, air, water, and concentrate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) is used in __________ percent concentrations.

    <p>1, 3, and 6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Class A foams are essentially wetting agents that __________ of water.

    <p>Reduce the surface tension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol resistant AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) can be utilized on hydrocarbon fires at __________ percent proportions.

    <p>Three (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Of the following characteristics, which is not an advantage of Class A foams?

    <p>They can be used on Class A and B fires. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is not a method by which foam acts as a suppression agent?

    <p>Inhibiting the chemical chain reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a polar solvent?

    <p>Kerosene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Petroleum-based fuels are __________ and float on water.

    <p>Hydrocarbons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases where a basement fire is inaccessible, __________ may be used to extinguish the fire.

    <p>High-expansion foam. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To produce the proper rate of foam on flammable liquids fire, a(n) __________ is necessary.

    <p>Proportioner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For application of aqueous film-forming foam, eductors or proportioners operate on a(n) __________ principle.

    <p>Venturi. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When making foam, in order for the nozzle and eductor to work properly:

    <p>Both should have the same flow rating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An in-line eductor should not be positioned more than __________ above the liquid surface of the foam concentrate in the container.

    <p>6 feet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foams in use currently are of the mechanical type and must be __________ and __________ before they can be used.

    <p>Proportioned, aerated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Incident Management System (IMS) Commands and Structure

    • First company officer on the scene is in command until a chief officer arrives to assume command.
    • Conflicting orders from multiple supervisors lead to frustration due to violation of unity of command.
    • Division of labor in fire services is essential for assigning responsibility, preventing duplication, and making clear assignments.
    • Policies provide guidance for decision-making in various scenarios.

    Procedures and Components of IMS

    • A procedure is a detailed guide directing specific actions.
    • Planning is a major function of the Incident Management System, crucial for effective incident control.
    • Essential components of an effective IMS include common terminology, unified command, and modular organization; prefire plans are not a core component.

    NFPA Standards and Safety Protocols

    • NFPA 1500 outlines minimum health and safety program requirements for fire departments.
    • Emergency vehicle occupants should remain secured in their seats; riding on tailboards is prohibited.
    • The Incident Commander has the authority to order additional resources for large-scale incidents.

    Role Designations within IMS

    • Divisions in IMS refer to geographical locations related to incident response.
    • Safety, Liaison, and Information roles are designated as command staff positions within IMS.
    • The Operations Chief implements tactical assignments while the Incident Commander sets strategic goals.

    Incident Reporting and Fire Statistics

    • Arrival reports should include situation evaluations, selected attack modes, and command information.
    • Most structure fires, damage, injuries, and fatalities occur in residential areas, highlighting the need for focused safety measures.
    • The National Fire Incident Reporting System collects data about fire incidents across the U.S.

    Communication and Reporting Procedures

    • Progress reports should be communicated every 10-15 minutes during an incident until controlled.
    • Emergency communication centers must be well-equipped and informed about on-scene actions.
    • Computer-aided dispatch improves response times and call volume handling.

    Foam Usage in Firefighting

    • In-line eductors are the most common foam proportioners in firefighting.
    • High-expansion foam is effective for inaccessible basement fires.
    • AFFF operates on a Venturi principle, and proper mixing ratios are vital for effective foam application.

    Properties and Application of Foam

    • Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) is used at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 6%.
    • Class A foams lower the surface tension of water, enhancing fire suppression capabilities.
    • The effectiveness of foam varies based on the type of fuel involved, with polar solvents requiring special considerations for application.

    Equipment and Techniques for Fire Suppression

    • Audible warnings signal evacuations and must be heard at significant distances (at least 500 feet).
    • Fire incident reports serve as legal documents and must accurately reflect the incident details.
    • The use of foam requires consideration of hydraulic compatibility between nozzles and eductors; both must have matching flow ratings for efficiency.

    General Best Practices

    • Implementing an accountability system during evacuations is crucial for personnel safety.

    • Emergency communications should have backup power sources to ensure reliability.

    • Organizations must use standardized data collection systems to enhance response and reporting efficacy.### Firefighting Techniques and Concepts

    • Solubility: Ability to mix with water, crucial for understanding how substances behave in firefighting applications.

    • Friction Loss: Refers to the pressure lost as water moves through a hose line, impacting the effectiveness of water delivery at the nozzle.

    • Fire Control Strategy: Certain fires, particularly those involving pesticides and gases, may be better left to burn out instead of using water, as water could exacerbate the situation.

    • Flammable Liquid Fires: Best controlled using foam, which suppresses flames and prevents ignition spread.

    • Flash Points: Liquids with flash points below 100°F are classified as flammable, indicating high risks associated with ignition.

    • Flammable Vapors: Typically heavier than air, these vapors can pool in low areas, posing risks of ignition; proper ventilation is essential.

    • Positioning Fire Apparatus: Position vehicles uphill and upwind during flammable liquid spills to prevent exposure to fire or toxic vapors.

    • Combustible Liquids: These have flash points above 100°F, and understanding these characteristics helps in classifying fire risks.

    • Fire Incident Management: The primary concern is controlling ignition sources during flammable liquids incidents to prevent ignition and escalation.

    • Water Use in Fires: Water can serve as a cooling agent, mechanical tool, protective cover, or substitute medium during fire interventions.

    • Hose Crew Actions: After sealing a flammable liquid container, the crew should continue applying water as they exit the area to prevent reignition.

    Foam and Firefighting Equipment

    • Foam Proportioning Methods: Include injection, premixing, induction, and batch-mixing; each method has specific applications in fire control.

    • Post-Class B Fire Actions: After extinguishing with foam, areas should be monitored for reignition, emphasizing the importance of vigilance after a fire.

    • Hydrocarbons: Identifying substances that are not hydrocarbons, such as ketones, aids in creating effective firefighting strategies.

    • Disconnecting Electrical Service: The safest method for firefighters is to shut off the main power breaker/fuse in the panel box to prevent electrical hazards.

    Structural Considerations in Firefighting

    • Building Collapse Risks: The only effective measure to protect from imminent collapse is to remove personnel from the structure.

    • Roof Types: A pitched or gabled roof has an elevation at the center with sloped edges, which can influence fire behavior and access.

    • Structural Reinforcements: Signs such as large metal stars and tie rods indicate potential building collapse; firefighters should take special precautions in such cases.

    • Fire Resistive Construction Hazards: The primary hazard comes from the contents rather than the structural members, requiring specific strategies to mitigate risks.

    • Heat Transfer in Fires: Horizontal heat transfer can occur through wall openings and radiant heat but is not typically through ceilings and floors via direct flame contact.

    • Construction Resistance: Fire-resistant construction exhibits the greatest resistance to structural damage from fire, crucial for ensuring safety during firefighting operations.

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