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Questions and Answers
What triggers fever?
What triggers fever?
- Release of pyrogens from leukocytes and other cells (correct)
- Endogenous cryogens
- Hyperthermia
- Bacterial replication
What is fever considered in the context of disease?
What is fever considered in the context of disease?
- An endogenous cryogen
- A symptom of a disease and a normal immunologic mechanism (correct)
- A form of hyperthermia
- A sign of bacterial replication
What aids responses to infectious processes?
What aids responses to infectious processes?
- Hyperthermia
- Fever production (correct)
- Endogenous cryogens
- Therapeutic hyperthermia
What can produce nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins, and death?
What can produce nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins, and death?
What is the pathophysiologic mechanism of fever initiated by?
What is the pathophysiologic mechanism of fever initiated by?
What is used in the treatment of infection and cancer?
What is used in the treatment of infection and cancer?
What are potentially lethal developments related to hyperthermia?
What are potentially lethal developments related to hyperthermia?
What is the temporary resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat in response to pyrogenic cytokines and exogenous pyrogens?
What is the temporary resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat in response to pyrogenic cytokines and exogenous pyrogens?
What decreases serum levels of iron, zinc, and copper that are needed for bacterial replication?
What decreases serum levels of iron, zinc, and copper that are needed for bacterial replication?
What is the consequence of a fever breaking?
What is the consequence of a fever breaking?
Which molecule acts on warm sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus during fever generation?
Which molecule acts on warm sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus during fever generation?
Which response includes symptoms like anorexia, fatigue, and malaise?
Which response includes symptoms like anorexia, fatigue, and malaise?
Which substances are released from the brain during fever?
Which substances are released from the brain during fever?
Which response aids responses to infectious processes by killing microorganisms and decreasing serum levels of essential elements?
Which response aids responses to infectious processes by killing microorganisms and decreasing serum levels of essential elements?
Which type of individuals may have decreased or no fever response?
Which type of individuals may have decreased or no fever response?
Which proteins increase during fever?
Which proteins increase during fever?
Which cytokines are produced by phagocytic cells during microorganism destruction?
Which cytokines are produced by phagocytic cells during microorganism destruction?
Which system does fever trigger a response from?
Which system does fever trigger a response from?
Which effect does fever have on responses to infectious processes?
Which effect does fever have on responses to infectious processes?
When should antipyretic medications be used according to the text?
When should antipyretic medications be used according to the text?
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Study Notes
Fever and its Physiological and Clinical Aspects
- Exogenous pyrogens include lipopolysaccharide complexes in gram-positive bacteria and viruses released upon cell wall rupture.
- Pyrogenic cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and interferon-γ are produced by phagocytic cells during microorganism destruction.
- Fever generation by pyrogens involves the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) acting on warm sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus.
- Fever triggers an integrated behavioral, endocrine, and autonomic nervous system response.
- The acute phase response includes symptoms like anorexia, fatigue, and malaise, and promotes muscle catabolism and hyperglycemia.
- Fever induces an increase in acute phase proteins like C-reactive protein, mannose-binding protein, and fibrinogen.
- During fever, arginine vasopressin, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and corticotropin-releasing factor are released from the brain.
- Antipyretic effects include the release of systemic antiinflammatory cytokines like IL-1 receptor agonist and IL-10.
- Moderate fever aids responses to infectious processes by killing microorganisms and decreasing serum levels of essential elements.
- Fever enhances phagocytosis, lymphocytic transformation, and antiviral interferon production.
- Suppressing fever with antipyrogenic medications should be used only in cases of serious side effects.
- Fever responses in older adults and children may differ from those in adults, with older individuals having decreased or no fever response and children developing higher temperatures for minor infections.
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