Feudal Japan

• In the early 19th century, China, under the Qing dynasty, was East Asia's dominant power, while Japan remained isolated.

China's Turmoil

• China faced colonial challenges and immense turmoil, weakening its ability to resist external pressures.
• The imperial government struggled with reforms and lost political control.
• Civil war was a major issue.

Japan's Modernization

• Japan successfully built a modern nation-state with an industrial economy.
• Japan established a colonial empire, incorporating Taiwan in 1895 and Korea in 1910.
• Japan defeated China in 1894 and Russia in 1905.

China's Response and Revolution

• China reacted slowly to the modern world, facing difficulties in redefining its traditions.
• China aimed to rebuild its national strength and become free from Western and Japanese control.
• The Chinese Communist Party came out on top in 1949.
• Economic reforms reintroducing elements of capitalism and the free market occurred in the 1970s because leaders felt the ideological system was hindering economic growth.

Japan's Trajectory

• Japan became an advanced industrial nation after its modernization.
• Japan's imperial ambitions led to war and defeat by the Anglo-American forces.
• The U.S. Occupation led to a more democratic political system.
• Japan rebuilt its economy and became a major economic power by the 1970s.
• Japan's modernization used capitalist principles within a world dominated by Western colonialism.

Historical Writings

• China and Japan share long traditions of historical writings, and history served as a guide for rulers and a standard for judgment.
• Official departments maintained records and wrote dynastic histories.
• Sima Qian (145-90 BCE) is considered the greatest historian of early China.
• The Meiji government established a bureau in 1869 to collect records and write a version of the Meiji Restoration, inspired by Chinese cultural influence.
• Printing and publishing were important industries in the pre-modern period.

Modern Scholarship

• Liang Qichao, Kume Kunitake (1839-1931), Marco Polo (1254-1324), Mateo Ricci (1552-1610), and Luis Frois (1532-97) contributed to modern scholarship
• The writings of Christian missionaries in the 19th century provide valuable material.
• Scholarship in English has grown, helped by Joseph Needham's and George Sansom's works.
• Writings by Chinese and Japanese scholars have been translated into English.

Naito Konan

• Naito Konan (1866-1934) was a leading Japanese scholar of China who used Western historiography and journalism experience in his work.
• Naito argued republican government would offer a way to end aristocratic control and centralized power in Shinaron in 1914.
• He believed Chinese history had strengths to make it modern and democratic.
• Naito thought Japan had a role to play in China but underestimated the power of Chinese nationalism.

Physical and Ethnic Diversity: China

• China is a expansive continental country with diverse climatic zones.
• The Yellow River (Huang He), Yangtse River (Chang Jiang), and Pearl River dominate China
• A large part of the country is mountainous.
• The dominant ethnic group is Han, with other nationalities including Uighur, Hui, Manchu, and Tibetan.
• Chinese (Putonghua) is major language.
• Cantonese (Yue) and Shanghainese (Wu) are dialects.

Chinese Food

• Chinese food is regionally diverse with at least four distinct types.
• Southern or Cantonese cuisine includes dim sum.
• Northern cuisine's staple food is wheat.
• Szechuan cuisine uses spices and chilies.
• Eastern China has both rice and wheat.

Japan

• Japan is a string of islands including Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido; the Okinawan chain is the southernmost.
• More than 50% of the land area of the main islands is mountainous and situated in an active earthquake zone.
• The population is largely Japanese; there is a small Ainu minority, and Koreans were forcibly brought as labor.
• Lacking a tradition of animal rearing, the staple crop is rice, and fish is the major protein source.

Japan: Political System

• An emperor ruled Japan from Kyoto.
• The imperial court lost power to shoguns by the 12th century.
• The Tokugawa family held the position of shogun from 1603 to 1867.
• The country was divided into over 250 domains under lords called daimyo.

Samurai

• The samurai (the warrior class) were the ruling elite who served the shoguns and daimyo.

Changes in the Late 16th Century

• Only samurai could carry swords because the peasantry was disarmed.
• Daimyo had to live in the capitals of their domains.
• Land surveys identified owners and taxpayers.

Growth of Cities

• Japan had the most populated city in the world, Edo, as well as Osaka and Kyoto, by the mid-17th century.
• At least half a dozen castle-towns had populations of over 50,000, leading to a commercial economy.
• Merit began to be valued more than status.

Vibrant Culture

• A vibrant culture blossomed in the towns.
• The fast-growing class of merchants patronized theatre and the arts.
• People enjoyed reading because Gifted writers could earn a living solely by writing.
• Those people in Edo, could rent a book for the price of a bowl of noodles.

Trade

• Japan imported luxury goods like silk from China and textiles from India, so it was considered rich.
• The economy was strained because paying for these imports with gold and silver.
• The Tokugawa restricted export of precious metals and Developed the silk industry in Nishijin to reduce imports.

Nishijin Silk

• The silk from Nishijin was known as the best in the world.
• Nishijin is a quarter in Kyoto with a weaver's guild of 31 households in the 16th century, population numbered over 70,000 people by end of 17th century.
• Sericulture spread and and an order in 1713 decreed that mainly only domestic yarn was to be used.
• Silk production helped the growth of a class of regional entrepreneurs who challenged the Tokugawa order, with Nishijin specialising only in the most expensive products.

Economy

• Other developments included the increased use of money and the creation of a stock market in rice.
• Social and intellectual changes questioned Chinese influence and argued that being Japanese existed long before contact with China, referring to classics like the Tale of the Genji and myths of origin.

The Meiji Restoration

• Internal discontent met demands for trade and diplomatic relations.
• Commodore Matthew Perry was sent by The USA to Japan in 1853 to demand a treaty that would permit trade and open diplomatic relations because Japan lay on the route to China, a major market for the USA.
• Holland was the only country trading at that time.

Politics

• Perry's arrival had an important effect on Japanese politics because The emperor re-emerged as an important figure.
• A movement forcibly removed the shogun from power and brought the Emperor to Edo in 1868.
• Edo was made Tokyo, the capital.

Fear of Colonization

• Officials and people were aware that European countries were building colonial empires.
• News of China being defeated by the British was flowing in.
• Many scholars and leaders wanted to learn from European ideas but some argued for a gradual and limited opening to the outer world.

Slogan

• The government launched a policy with the slogan fukoku kyohei meaning rich country, strong army.
• They also needed build a strong army and develop their economy.
• They needed to create a sense of nationhood among the people.

Emperor System

• The new government worked to build the emperor system.
• Officials studied European monarchies because The Emperor was treated with reverence as he was considered both direct descendant of the Sun Goddess and the leader of westernisation.
• His birthday became a national holiday, he wore Western-style military uniforms and edicts were issued in his name to set up modern institutions.
• The Imperial Rescript on Education of 1890 urged people to pursue learning, advance public good, and promote common interests.

Education and Unification: School System

• The ministry of education controlled the curriculum because a new school system started build from the 1870s.
• Schooling was compulsory for boys and girls and almost universal by 1910, with minimal tuition fees.
• The curriculum was based on Western models, with Stress on loyalty and Japanese history ,
• Moral culture had to be taught with texts that urged children to revere their parents, be loyal to the nation, and become good citizens.

Writing

• The Japanese borrowed their written script from the Chinese in the sixth century and developed two phonetic alphabets - hiragana and katakana.
• Hiragana is feminine because women writers in the Heian period used it.
• It is written using a mixture of Chinese characters and phonetics.
• The existence of a phonetic syllabary meant a very rapid spread of knowledge.
• It was suggested that Japanese develop a completely phonetic script, or adopt a European language in the 1880s.

Integration

• To integrate the nation, the Meiji government imposed a new administrative structure with revenue adequate to maintain local schools and health facilities.
• It Had to serve as a recruitment centre for the military because all young men over twenty had to do a period of military service.
• A modern military force and legal system was developed to regulate political groups, control meetings and impose strict censorship.
• The military and the bureaucracy were directly commanded by the emperor
• There was a tension between a democratic constitution and a modern army.
• The army wanted a vigorous foreign policy for more territory which leading to wars with China and Russia, won by Japan.
• Popular demand for greater democracy was often in opposition to aggressive policies.
• Japan developed economically and acquired a colonial empire that repressed the spread of democracy at home and put it in collision with the people it colonised.

Modernizing the Economy

• Another key Meiji reform was modernizing the economy and raising funds by levying an agricultural tax.

Infrastructure

• Japan's first railway line, between Tokyo and the port of Yokohama, was built in 1870-72.
• Textile machinery was imported from Europe, including foreign technicians to train workers and teach in universities and schools, and Japanese students were sent abroad.

Institutions

• Modern banking institutions were launched in 1872.
• Companies like Mitsubishi and Sumitomo were helped with subsidies and tax benefits to become major shipbuilders.
• Japanese ships now carried Japanese trade.
• Zaibatsu: large business organizations controlled by individual families
• The population increased from 35 million in 1872, to 55 million in 1920.
• To reduce population pressure the government actively encouraged migration, first to Hokkaido, where the indigenous Ainu people lived, and then to Hawaii and Brazil, as well as to the growing colonial empire.

Urbanization

• A shift to towns as industry developed happened in Japan, increasing to 32% (22.5 million) from Within to 21% by million) by 1925.

Industrial Workers: Growth

• The number of people in manufacturing increased from 700,000 in 1870 to 4 million in 1913.
• Most people used did not use machinery nor electric power because They worked in units employing less than five people with over half being women.
• Women organised the first modern strike in 1886.
• The factories employing more than a hundred workers jumped to over 2,000 from 1,000 in 1909 by and 4,000 by the 1930s with Over 550,000 workshops that employed less than five employees even in 1940.
• The family-centred ideology sustained this, alongside a strong patriarchal system under an emperor.

Environmental Destruction

• Rapid unregulated industrial growth and the demand for natural resources such as timber led to environmental destruction.
• Tanaka Shozo (1841-1913) was a self-taught son of a farmer who participated in the Popular Rights Movement and was selected a member to the first Diet.
• Tanaka Shozo believed that ordinary people shouldn't be sacrificed for industrial progress and launched the first agitation against industrial pollution in 1897 with 800 villagers in a mass protest forcing the government to take action.

Aggressive Nationalism

• The Meiji constitution which created a Diet with limited powers, was based on a restricted franchise.
• Leaders of the imperial restoration continued to exercise power and established political parties.
• Party lines formed into national unity cabinets because Popularly elected prime ministers formed cabinets between 1918 and 1931 after which, they lost power,

Military

• The emperor commanded the forces but a 1890 interpretation meant the army and navy had independent control which strengthened of the military.
• The prime minister ordered that only serving generals and admirals could become ministers in 1899.
• The expansion of Japan's colonial empire and the fear that Japan was at the mercy of the Western powers was connected to this strengthening.
• Opposition to military expansion and higher taxes was silenced was This fear.

Westernization and Tradition: Intellectual Views

• Intellectuals had differing views on Japan's relations with other countries, with to some, the USA and western European countries being the highest point of civilisation, which Japan aspired.
• A Meiji intellectual, Fukuzawa Yukichi, wanted Japan to expel Asia, meaning shed its Asian characteristics.
• He recommended not just modern institutions, but the cultural essence and spirit of civilisation of The West to build a new citizen with the principle being that Heaven did not create men above men, nor set men below men.

Indigenous Values

• The next generation questioned Western ideas and urged national pride on indigenous values with one example being Miyake Setsurei (1860-1945) who argued that each nation must develop its special talents in the interest of world civilisation:
• To devote oneself to one's country is to devote oneself to the world, but Many intellectuals also attracted to Western liberalism and wanted a Japan not on the military but on democracy.
• Ueki Emori (1857-1892) was another example of an intellectuals and was a leader of the Popular Rights Movement that advocated for constitutional government the French Revolution's doctrine of the natural rights of man and of popular sovereignty, and a liberal education to develop each individual: Freedom is more precious than order.
• Many intellectuals were attracted to Western liberalism and wanted a Japan based not on the military but on democracy, but pressure led the government to announce a constitution.

Daily Life: Family

• Japan's transformation into a modern society can be seen in everyday life.
• The patriarchal household system comprised many generations living together, but new ideas of the family spread as more people became affluent.
• The new home, referred to as homu as the Japanese say based on the English word, was the nuclear family, where husband and wife lived as breadwinner and homemaker.
• This generated for demands for new domestic goods, types of family entertainments, and housing, with a construction companies offering in the 1920s cheap housing available for a down payment of 200 yen and a monthly instalment of 12 yen for ten years at a time when the salary of a bank employee was 40 yen per month.

Travel

• The new middle-class families enjoyed travel and entertainment.
• Transport improved in cities with electric trams, public parks opened from 1878, and department stores began building with Tokyo's Ginza becoming fashionable for Ginbura (walking aimlessly).
• The first radio stations opened in 1925.

Entertainment

• Matsui Sumako, an actress, became popular for her portrayal of Nora in the A Doll's House.
• Movies began production and dozen companies made hundreds of films in 1899. This period featured vitality and the questioning of traditional norms of social and political behaviour.

Overcoming Modernity: Nationalism

• State-centred nationalism was fully expressed in the 1930s and 1940s as Japan launched wars in China and other parts of Asia to extend its empire, which then merged with the Second World War after Japan attacked the USA at Pearl Harbor.

Control

• The period saw a Patriotic societies formed with increased controls on society and repression and imprisonment of dissidents.

After Defeat: US Occupation

• Japan's attempt to carve out a colonial empire ended when it was defeated by the Allied forces.
• Japan demilitarized and introduced a new constitution; Agrarian reforms, trade union re-establishment, and zaibatsu dismantling happened Under the US-led Occupation (1945-47).

Political Parties

• Political parties were revived.
• The first post-war elections held in 1946 where women voted for the first time.

Economic Growth

• Japan went rapid rebuilding after its defeat, and it was called The post-war miracle.
• The social cohesion of the pre-war years was strengthened, allowing for collaboration between the government, bureaucracy and industry.
• US support, economic demand due to the Korean and Vietnamese wars helped Japan's economy.
• The 1964 Olympics in Tokyo marked a symbolic coming of age.
• The network of high-speed Shinkansen or bullet trains, started in 1964 have come to symbolise the ability to use advanced technologies for better goods.

Environmental Issues

• Japan industrialised rapidly in the and movements rose on that issue The 1960
• Grass-roots pressure groups demanded recognition of the effects on health and the environment and requested compensation for the victims.

Regulations

• Government action and new legal regulations helped conditions improve, resulting a decrease decline in interest as Japan enacted the strictest environmental controls in the world, starting from mid-1980s.
• Today, Japan faces the challenge of using political and technological resources to remain a leading power.

China: Modern History

• China's modern history has evolved around regaining sovereignty, ending foreign occupation and achieving equality and development.

Groups

• Chinese debates were marked by the views of three groups that included reformers, revolutionaries and The Communist Party.
• Early reformers like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao used traditional ideas in new ways to meet the challenges posed by the West.
• Inspired by ideas from Japan and the West, Republican revolutionaries like Sun Yat-sen, the first president of the republic existed. The Communist Party of China (CCP) wanted to end age-old inequalities drive out the foreigners.

Encounter

• The beginning of modern China can be traced to the sixteenth/seventeenth encounters with the West when Jesuit missionaries brought intro Western sciences.

The Opium Trade

• Trade imbalance as the demand for Chinese goods like tea, silk, and porcelain was high.
• The East India Company discovered opium, grown in India because Wwestern goods were not popular in China.
• They sold opium in China in return for letters of credit in Canton, which was then used buy more Chinese goods for sale in Britain.

Qing Reforms and Resistance

• Qing reformers like Kang and Liang Qichao aimed to strengthen China by modernising the administrative system, creating new army, establishing a modern educational system and setting up local assemblies for constitutional government.

• They used the examples of Poland and India for inspiration.

• China to from colonization protect from They sought to use the experiences.

• Liang Qichao emphasised Chinese national identity to resist Western influence warning of India's exploitation by The East India Company.

Changing Traditional Ways of Thinking

• Confucianism, based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasised good conduct, practical wisdom and proper social relationships that also provided social standards.
• However, it came to be seen a barrier to new ideas and institutions.
• Students were sent to Japan, Britain, and France to learn modern subjects.
• Many Chinese students went to Japan in the 1890s, bringing back new ideas and becoming leading republicans with the Chinese even adopting Japanese translations of European words due to the shared ideographic script.
• The Chinese examination system that existed for centuries, was abolished in 1905.

The Examination System

• This examination was the route for The elite with students also required to express classic Chinese in the form of an eight-legged essay.
• It was held every three years but only, so only 1-2% of people were allowed to sit passed; usually by 24 to become beautiful talent.
• Only there were before because 27,000 official positions existed.
• The examination became a barrier to science and technology as it only needed literary skills.

Establishing the Republic

• , overthrow.
• a Manchu republic. Dynasty. of In in. 1911 established. Yat. The. Republic's. Republic. a. Sen under also Sun the that over also with.
• The society has no democracy, for capital regulating Socialism, :
• The social and political situation remained unstable.

May Fourth Movement

• On may 4th 1919 the post war peace protested in Beijing.

• The movement attached tradition and wanted save to democracy science with.

• The people should drive out foreigners, remove inequalities, reduce poverty, reform language, abolish foot binding, promote women and get economic develop.

• the after revolution after after 1949, that also was revolution.

• a party became a force the Chinese army.

The Guomindang

• Sun Yat-sen's ideas the Guomindang which identify things were the four great

• He a secular and rational Confucianism for the of the nation.

• chastity wife woman the house

• The Guomindang's was in city in China.

Urban Conditions

• Growth cities cities grew

Social and cultural shifts

• journalism spread to the country and change.

The Rise of the Communist Party Of China (CCP)

The Guomindang retreated when the China In 1919.

The rural areas ecological and socio-economic crises.

Comintern Russian with the CCP and revolution party communism revolutionary.

Mao's Approach

• Mao's approach in Jiangxi (1928-1934 in red army

• Mao stressed the need for an independent government and army.

The Long March and The New Program

• Long the CCP was forced to move and develop a program to end

• The won their power and became to establish to form Democracy: 1949-1965 to

• The principle of the democracy the state.

• Then the soviet regime made the communist party. and after 1965-1978 The of democracy in china that.

• the power was taken by the guard and made a law that revolution happened in china.

• The student and and was sent to for for for the masses Chinese, the ideology was most than important

• Finally. the party was able to gain and take over the country and gain from

Reforms From 1978

• Deng Xiaoping introduced a socialist market economy while maintaining party control.
• It said Four modernisation that It did what.
• But, was the China The story of Taiwan

The story of Korea

• After park came to power and and they adopted and state .
• and was the Korean war and came to establish. and then to US help.
• And then the Korean democracy and the army took over korea again.
• and then they made the korea korea economy.
• The first election over korea made roeh came.
• Japan Taiwan Korea modernised successfully Korea and China built were influenced by historical things China but were all their own.
• The elite society and the suppression of
• Japan happened in an that of the
• and tradition to make their own ways
• it eliminated centuries-old equalities, expanded education, and among the people for China.
• and now they had new system which led to the country rise.
• Chinese society faced problems of wealth and to Chinese this may not have been as important traditions.

Explore feudal Japan: emperors, samurai, and economic shifts. Examine cultural features, land reforms, and intellectual developments during the Tokugawa shogunate. Uncover the complexities of power, economy, and society.