Fetal Lifespan and Development
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Questions and Answers

What is responsible for determining the biological sex of a fetus?

DNA, including sex chromosomes

What are the two structures of fetal circulation focusing on the umbilical cord, and what do they do?

  • Umbilical artery- Transports oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus; Umbilical vein- Transports oxygenated blood and waste from fetus to placenta
  • Umbilical vein- Transports deoxygenated blood from placenta to fetus; Umbilical arteries- Transports oxygenated blood and waste from fetus to placenta
  • Umbilical artery- Transports deoxygenated blood from placenta to fetus; Umbilical vein- Transports oxygenated blood and waste from fetus to placenta
  • Umbilical vein- Transports oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus; Umbilical arteries- Transports oxygenated blood and waste from fetus to placenta (correct)

    • What is responsible for providing nutrition and gas exchange for the embryo?

    The yolk sac

    Which of the following are considered risk factors for birth defects?

    <p>Exposure to teratogens, Certain medications, Chemicals, Radiation, Cannabis and illicit drugs, Alcohol and Infections (Ex: rubella)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what weeks of fetal development are breathing movements evident?

    <p>Weeks 11-14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What week is surfactant produced in fetal development?

    <p>Weeks 23-26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are the lungs fully developed in fetal development?

    <p>Weeks 38-40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what week during fetal development does the heart start pumping blood?

    <p>Week 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weeks are the kidneys fully formed in fetal development?

    <p>Weeks 31-34</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do the testes descend into the scrotum during fetal development?

    <p>Week 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what weeks during fetal development are muscles fully developed and bones fully developed?

    <p>Weeks 35-37; Week 37</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are contraindications for a medication abortion?

    <p>IUD in place, ectopic pregnancy, anticoagulant therapy, hemodynamic instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are some medical contraindications for pregnancy?

    <p>Severe kidney disease, Chronic kidney disease- may experience a loss of renal function, Cardiovascular disease, Pulmonary arterial hypertension, 40%-100% for a maternal cardiac event during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of spontaneous abortion?

    <p>Threatened abortion, Complete abortion, Incomplete abortion, Inevitable abortion, Missed abortion, Septic abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In threatened abortion, the embryo continues to be viable, and the cervix remains closed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A complete abortion occurs when all products of conception have been completely expelled.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An incomplete abortion occurs when a partial passing of the products of conception from the cervical os takes place.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An inevitable abortion occurs when products of conception have passed through the client's dilated cervix and an abortion is unavoidable

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A missed abortion involves vaginal bleeding, and the products of conception have been expelled.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A septic abortion occurs when the products of conception are retained and become infected, causing a serious medical emergency.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors for complications during an ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Conditions that affect fallopian tubes, Age &gt;35, endometriosis, PID, smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the placenta does not migrate up by the third trimester and is located near or covering the cervix, it is known as placenta previa.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are inheritable risk factors for thrombophilia?

    <p>1st degree family member = Factor V Leiden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of increased risk for blood clots during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors for a molar pregnancy?

    <p>Age &lt; 15 and &gt; 35, Previous history of molar pregnancy, History of infertility, History of spontaneous abortions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ruptured ectopic pregnancy is associated with tachycardia and hypotension.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risk factors for placental abruption?

    <p>Polyhydramnios, smoking, cocaine use, age &gt; 35, hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of spontaneous abortion?

    <p>Fetal chromosomal abnormalities with unknown cause in many cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the initial manifestations of a molar pregnancy?

    <p>Initial manifestations of viable pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High hCG levels, exceeding 100,000, can be an indicator of a molar pregnancy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a spontaneous abortion, an ultrasound will typically show gestational viability and a fetal heartbeat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of placenta previa on an ultrasound?

    <p>The placenta is located in the lower uterine segment, partially or completely obstructing the cervical opening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the client manifestations of placenta previa?

    <p>Light, chronic, intermittent bleeding, Light, chronic, intermittent bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the diagnostic testing for placenta previa?

    <p>CBC, coagulation studies, Ultrasound to rule out condition, not a digital exam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions are priority when caring for a client with acute placental abruption with hemorrhage?

    <p>Start IV, Monitor vital signs, Monitor FHR, Turn client on the side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medical management is provided for a spontaneous abortion?

    <p>Misoprostol for uterine evacuation of products of conception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the important teaching points for discharge teaching for a client following surgery for a molar pregnancy?

    <p>Potential complications, Contraception during treatment phase, Call doctor for heavy vaginal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Progesterone treatment can help prevent premature delivery in women with cervical insufficiency.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the plan of care for a client with thrombophilia?

    <p>Anticoagulation- low molecular weight heparin, Client education Weekly NST visits at 36 weeks gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the education points for a client who has a complete molar pregnancy?

    <p>Future pregnancies monitored closely, Risk for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What priority nursing care needs to be provided for a pregnant client with a history of cervical insufficiency?

    <p>Emotional support, Prepare for possible cerclage placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eclampsia is characterized by elevated blood pressure, proteinuria, and seizures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HELLP syndrome is a severe form of preeclampsia with severe features.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Magnesium sulfate is given to treat HELLP syndrome to prevent seizures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key points for client health promotion regarding gestational hypertension?

    <p>Refrain from smoking, alcohol, high sugar foods, Focus on good nutrition, exercise, and gaining the appropriate amount of weight, Limit caffeine to 200 mg per day, Do not take supplements without checking with the provider, Attend all prenatal visits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic uteroplacental ischemia is the primary cause of oligohydramnios.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Autoimmune most common cause- Graves' disease, Thyroiditis, Goiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are associated with pregestational type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Genetic, Familial history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus?

    <p>BMI&gt;25, History of GDM, family history of diabetes, History of A1C 5.7% - 6.4%, Previous LGA infant ( above 4.08 kilogram or 9 pound)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some possible causes of hyperemesis gravidarum?

    <p>Elevated hCG due to molar or multiple gestation pregnancy, Estradiol increase due to elevated hCG, Nausea associated with motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the special considerations for gestational diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Antenatal testing including nonstress testing, Increased provider visits, More lab and diagnostics, Increased stress from financial strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin A1C is monitored every two months during pregnancy for clients with gestational diabetes mellitus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some signs of dehydration in hyperemesis gravidarum?

    <p>Furrowed tongue, Dry skin, Dizziness, Dark or strong-smelling urine, Headaches, Rapid heart rate, and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fetal Lifespan

    • DNA includes sex chromosomes that determine fetal sex
    • Umbilical vein transports oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus
    • Umbilical arteries transport deoxygenated blood and waste from the fetus to the placenta
    • The yolk sac provides nutrition and gas exchange for the embryo
    • Risk factors for birth defects include exposure to teratogens, certain medications, chemicals, radiation, cannabis, illicit drugs, and alcohol, and infections (like rubella)

    Fetal Development

    • Fetal respiratory system develops, with breathing movements evident by weeks 11-14, surfactant produced by weeks 23-26, and lungs fully developed by 38-40 weeks.
    • The fetal cardiovascular system develops, with a functioning heart by week 6, pumping blood.
    • The fetal genitourinary system develops, with fully formed kidneys by weeks 31-34 and testes descending into the scrotum by week 6.

    Prenatal Care

    • Weeks 35-37 musculoskeletal system has fully developed muscles and bones
    • Contraindications for medication abortion include IUDs, ectopic pregnancies, anticoagulant therapy, and hemodynamic instability.
    • Potential pregnancy contraindications include severe kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and a 40%-100% risk for maternal cardiac events during pregnancy.
    • Risk factors for spontaneous abortion include complete, incomplete, inevitable, threatened, and missed pregnancy losses.
    • Findings consistent with a 32-week infant include developing musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and genitourinary systems, as they continue throughout the pregnancy.
    • Presumptive (suspected) signs of pregnancy include amenorrhea, breast tenderness, and fatigue.

    Third Trimester

    • Normal and abnormal changes in the third trimester include hemorrhoids, swollen feet, insomnia, belly tightening, and bleeding which may be a sign of preterm labor.
    • Important client education for fetal anatomy ultrasounds includes instructing the client about the need for a full bladder.
    • Leopold maneuvers are used by providers to determine fetal positioning in the uterus.
    • Fetal kick counts of over 10 in any 2-3-hour period indicate a healthy fetus.
    • Additional expected third trimester changes include hemorrhoids, swollen feet, insomnia, belly tightening, and potential preterm labor.

    Hormones and Tests

    • Key hormones during pregnancy include hCG, progesterone, estrogen, and prolactin with their specific functions.
    • Normal fetal heart rate is 110-160 bpm
    • Probable signs of pregnancy include a positive pregnancy test, ballottement, softening of the cervix and uterus, and/or noticeable blue discoloration.
    • Naegle's rule is used for calculating estimated date of birth.
    • Urinalysis, often done during the first trimester, may show a small amount of protein, which is considered normal.

    Labor and Delivery

    • Manifestations of true labor include increasing contractions, fluid leakage from the vagina, and bloody mucus.
    • Glucose challenge screening involves consuming a sugary drink and measuring blood glucose levels.
    • Risks for complications during pregnancy and in high-risk pregnancies are discussed.
    • Recommendations for alcohol and drug use in pregnancy are provided.

    Pregnancy Complications

    • Risk factors for different pregnancy complications (thrombophilia, molar pregnancy, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption) are reviewed
    • Different types of spontaneous abortions (threatened, complete, incomplete, inevitable, missed, septic) are explained
    • Conditions that influence ectopic pregnancy are shared.
    • Marginal placenta previa is defined.

    Additional Topics

    • Client education for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) includes monitoring hemoglobin A1C every two months.
    • Dehydration in hyperemesis gravidarum can present with various symptoms like a furrowed tongue, dry skin, dizziness, dark urine, headaches, rapid heart rate, and confusion.
    • Client health promotion for gestational hypertension includes refraining from smoking, alcohol, and high-sugar foods to maintain proper nutrition, exercise, appropriate weight gain, and attending all prenatal visits without supplements unless specifically directed.
    • Diagnoses (placenta previa, acute placental abruption, spontaneous abortion), are reviewed.
    • Teaching for molar pregnancies, focusing on potential complications and post-surgery care, and nonmodifiable pregnancy risks are presented.
    • Possible causes of hyperthyroidism, such as autoimmune disorders (like Graves' disease), thyroiditis, and goiter are reviewed.
    • Differences between pre-gestational type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which involve risk factors, BMI, and history of GDM or family history.
    • Causes of hyperemesis gravidarum include high hCG levels, estrogen levels, gestational trophoblastic disease, multiple pregnancies, and motion sickness.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating stages of fetal lifespan and development, including the role of DNA, the umbilical cord, and various systems such as respiratory and cardiovascular. This quiz also addresses critical prenatal care topics and risk factors affecting fetal health. Test your knowledge about the processes that shape life before birth!

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