Fetal Development and Maternal Connection
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the decidua capsularis during pregnancy?

  • It prevents fetal cells from crossing into the maternal bloodstream.
  • It stretches or encapsulates the trophoblast. (correct)
  • It connects to maternal blood vessels.
  • It protects the embryo from infections.

    • How does the uteroplacental blood flow change during pregnancy?

  • It decreases significantly after 10 weeks.
  • It remains constant throughout the pregnancy.
  • It increases only in the first trimester.
  • It gradually increases from 50 mL/min to 500-600 mL/min. (correct)

    • What does the term 'decidua vera' refer to?

  • The outer layer of the placenta.
  • The remaining portion of the uterine lining. (correct)
  • The trophoblast cells that establish blood communication.
  • The layer that provides heavy protection against infections.

    • When does the potential for fetal damage due to syphilis increase?

    <p>After the cytotrophoblast cells are no longer present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the decidua capsularis as the embryo grows?

    <p>It is pushed against the decidua vera.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the chorionic villi layer being only one cell thick?

    <p>It allows limited fetal cell and enzyme transfer to maternal bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) primarily produced by?

    <p>The fetal liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides blood supply to the mature placenta?

    <p>100 maternal uterine arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of amniotic fluid?

    <p>99% water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits normal amniotic fluid?

    <p>Clear and colorless to straw-colored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average volume of amniotic fluid at term?

    <p>800 – 1200 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function does amniotic fluid NOT perform?

    <p>Nutritional supply to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is amniotic fluid primarily absorbed by the fetus?

    <p>By swallowing fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the viscous nature of amniotic fluid?

    <p>Presence of solid particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does amniotic fluid play in thermoregulation?

    <p>It maintains constant temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solid particles is found in amniotic fluid?

    <p>Lecithin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infants is found to have chromosomal disorders or congenital anomalies?

    <p>15% to 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the yolk sac after implantation?

    <p>To provide a source of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the yolk sac after the 12th week of intrauterine life?

    <p>It atrophies and becomes a thin streak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as a nuchal cord?

    <p>A loose loop of cord around the fetal neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development does a blastocyst form two separate cavities?

    <p>Blastocyst stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can the umbilical cord be cut at birth without discomfort?

    <p>It has no nerve supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of primary cells forms between the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)?

    <p>To assess or treat the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of amniotic fluid volume at term?

    <p>800 to 1200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition might lead to hydramnios?

    <p>Esophageal atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much amniotic fluid is defined as hydramnios?

    <p>More than 2000 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might excessive amniotic fluid in a woman with diabetes be attributed to?

    <p>Hyperglycemia causing fluid shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is oligohydramnios characterized by?

    <p>Total amniotic fluid less than 300 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can fetal kidneys contribute to during early fetal life?

    <p>Addition of urine to amniotic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color of amniotic fluid might indicate fetal death?

    <p>Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by bloody amniotic fluid?

    <p>Vasa previa or abruptio placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a pregnant woman avoid in terms of drug use?

    <p>Any drug or supplement not prescribed by a physician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cigarette smoking affect fetal growth?

    <p>It leads to fetal growth restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which recreational drug is noted to potentially lead to vasoconstriction in pregnant women?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is associated with intravenous drug use during pregnancy?

    <p>Exposure to diseases like HIV and hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does secondary smoke refer to in relation to smoking during pregnancy?

    <p>Smoke inhaled by a non-smoker from someone else’s cigarettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect is associated with the use of narcotics such as heroin during pregnancy?

    <p>Intrauterine growth restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of cocaine use during pregnancy?

    <p>Severe vasoconstriction leading to blood supply compromise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should prenatal healthcare settings ensure regarding smoke exposure?

    <p>They should be smoke-free environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fetal Development and Maternal Connection

    • Syphilis has a low potential for fetal damage early in pregnancy, specifically when cytotrophoblast cells are present.
    • Decidua capsularis is the endometrial tissue that stretches to cover the trophoblast and may offer minimal protection against viral invasion.
    • As the embryo grows, it may push the decidua capsularis to contact the decidua vera, which fuses as the embryo enlarges.

    Placental Structure and Blood Flow

    • The mature placenta receives blood from approximately 100 maternal uterine arteries.
    • Uteroplacental blood flow increases dramatically from 50 mL/min at 10 weeks to 500-600 mL/min at term.
    • After the third trimester, the outer chorionic villi layer is only one cell thick, allowing for some fetal cells and enzymes to occasionally enter the maternal bloodstream.

    Amniotic Fluid Composition and Volume

    • Amniotic fluid consists of 99% water and 1% solid particles like albumin, urea, and bilirubin, and should be clear to straw-colored with specks of vernix caseosa.
    • Normal volume at term ranges from 800 to 1200 mL and is continuously formed and reabsorbed, preventing stagnation.
    • Functions include acting as a shock absorber, thermoregulator, preventing umbilical cord compression, and aiding fetal muscular development.

    Abnormalities of Amniotic Fluid

    • Hydramnios occurs when amniotic fluid exceeds 2000 mL and is associated with conditions like diabetes that cause fluid shifts into the amniotic space.
    • Oligohydramnios is characterized by less than 300 mL of fluid, often due to kidney dysfunction, and can indicate potential fetal issues.
    • Color changes in amniotic fluid signal specific conditions: green indicates meconium, gray suggests infection, gold indicates hemolytic disease, brown may signify fetal death, and bloody fluid suggests vasa previa or abruptio placenta.

    Fetal Development Considerations

    • Chromosomal disorders or congenital anomalies are found in 15-20% of infants with oligohydramnios, especially affecting the kidneys and heart.
    • The yolk sac provides nutrients only until implantation, primarily supplying red blood cells until the embryo’s hematopoietic system matures by week 12.
    • The umbilical cord, devoid of nerve supply, can be cut at birth without causing discomfort.

    Teratogenic Effects and Maternal Health

    • Pregnant women should avoid unprescribed medications to minimize fetal teratogenic risk.
    • Cigarette smoking is linked to infertility in women and fetal growth restriction, leading to increased risks of stillbirth and low birth weight from reduced blood supply and vasoconstriction.
    • The impact of recreational drugs and smoking on pregnancy includes direct teratogenic effects and risks of HIV and hepatitis B exposure through intravenous use.
    • Secondary smoke exposure can adversely affect fetal development and all prenatal care environments should aim to be smoke-free.

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    Week 4 Fetal Growth and Development PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate relationship between fetal development and maternal biology. This quiz covers topics such as the effects of syphilis on fetuses, the structure of the placenta, and the composition of amniotic fluid. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of prenatal care and development!

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