Fetal Cardiovascular Adaptations

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What is the primary reason for physiological jaundice in newborns?

Faster destruction of RBCs than the liver can remove bilirubin (correct)
Excessive bilirubin production
Liver dysfunction
Inadequate breakdown of bilirubin in the liver

Which of the following is a characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?

Facial deformities and abnormalities of the heart (correct)
High birth weight
Normal liver function
Increased intellectual disability

What is the primary treatment for physiological jaundice in newborns?

Medication to reduce bilirubin production
Liver transplantation
Phototherapy with UV light (correct)
Blood transfusions

What is the primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)?

Inability to produce surfactant in the infant's lungs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the placenta in fetal development?

To facilitate gas exchange between the fetus and mother (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest risk period for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?

During sleep (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the umbilical vein contribute to fetal circulation?

It carries oxygen-rich blood from the mother to the fetus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates contraction of specialized epithelial cells surrounding the ducts and alveolar glands in the mammary gland?

Suckling (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?

Nicotine exposure during fetal development (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver in relation to bilirubin in newborns?

To remove bilirubin from the blood (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant adaptation of the fetal cardiovascular system?

Oxygen and nutrients are obtained from the mother's blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of eclampsia?

High blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for ectopic pregnancy?

Surgical removal of the embryo (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increase in maternal blood volume during pregnancy?

To compensate for the fetus's lack of functional organs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the development of infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)?

Inability of the infant's lungs to produce surfactant (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of half of the oxygen-rich blood that enters the fetal liver?

It is pumped to the heart and circulated to the body (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of morning sickness?

Unknown, but may be related to hCG and progesterone levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for environmental agents that produce physical abnormalities during prenatal development?

Teratogens (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant change that occurs in the cardiovascular system during postnatal development?

The lungs become functional and take over gas exchange (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the maternal blood in the placenta?

To remove waste products from the fetus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between timing of teratogen exposure and defect severity?

The earlier the exposure, the more severe the defect (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate time frame for cessation of milk production after suckling stops?

1 week (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fetal circulation that is different from adult circulation?

Oxygen and nutrients are obtained from the mother's blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of women who experience morning sickness during pregnancy?

60% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the closure of the foramen ovale after birth?

Increase in left atrial pressure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What becomes the ligamentum arteriosum after postnatal cardiovascular changes?

Ductus arteriosus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the colostrum produced by the mammary glands in the first 3 days after birth?

Provides a high concentration of protein for protein synthesis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior lobe during lactation?

Suckling (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate time it takes for postnatal cardiovascular changes to become functionally complete?

30 minutes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) during lactation?

Triggers the production of prolactin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus that maintains the secretion of prolactin and milk during lactation?

Mechanical stimulation of the nipples (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate time it takes for milk ejection to occur after suckling begins?

30 seconds (C) Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of maternal blood enters the placenta without being filtered for hazardous substances?

None (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?

To bypass the non-functional fetal lungs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the distal portion of the umbilical arteries after birth?

It constricts to inhibit flow to the placenta (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?

To allow blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ductus venosus after birth?

It constricts to become the ligamentum venosum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the placenta in terms of fetal circulation?

To filter out hazardous substances from maternal blood (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the umbilical vein after birth?

It becomes the round ligament (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why does the fetal liver not require full blood flow?

Because the mother's liver removes hazardous substances from her blood (D) Signup and view all the answers