The Cardiovascular System (Part 2)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses in the heart?

  • Purkinje Fibers
  • Bundle of His
  • Sinoatrial (SA) Node (correct)
  • Atrioventricular (AV) Node

What is the function of the Atrioventricular (AV) Node?

  • To spread the electrical signal rapidly throughout the ventricles
  • To initiate the electrical impulses in the heart
  • To contract the atria before the ventricles
  • To transmit electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles (correct)

During the cardiac cycle, what does systole mean?

  • The atria and ventricles contract and relax at the same time
  • The heart muscles are relaxing
  • The ventricles contract together
  • The heart muscles are squeezing or contracting (correct)

Which fetal heart feature acts as a temporary blood shortcut in a baby's heart before birth?

<p>Ductus Arteriosus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ductus arteriosus after the baby takes its first breath?

<p>It closes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the blood to bypass the lungs in a fetus?

<p>The lungs are not fully functional yet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct definition of blood pressure?

<p>The force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as it flows (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of one-way valves in veins?

<p>To ensure blood flows in the correct direction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)?

<p>To assess the heart's electrical activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the 'Lub' sound of the heart?

<p>It happens after the atria squeeze (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a "murmur" in relation to the heart?

<p>An extra sound made when a valve doesn't close all the way (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the Cardiac Output (CO) of the heart?

<p>Stroke Volume (SV) and Heart Rate (HR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>To exchange oxygen and nutrients between the blood and body tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the 'Dub' sound of the heart?

<p>It is caused by the closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the arterioles in the circulatory system?

<p>To regulate blood flow by widening or narrowing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between elastic arteries and muscular arteries?

<p>Elastic arteries have thicker muscle layers, while muscular arteries have thinner muscle layers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the heart rate?

<p>The SA node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is valvular insufficiency?

<p>When one or more heart valves don't close properly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for transmitting the electrical impulses from the Atrioventricular (AV) Node to the ventricles?

<p>Bundle of His (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Purkinje Fibers in the heart?

<p>To spread the electrical signal throughout the ventricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Cardiac Conduction System in the heart?

<p>To pump blood effectively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Sinoatrial (SA) Node in the heart?

<p>To initiate the electrical impulses in the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cardiac cycle?

<p>The sequence of events during a heartbeat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does diastole mean in the context of the cardiac cycle?

<p>The relaxation of the heart muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chambers of the heart contract at the same time during the cardiac cycle?

<p>Ventricles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the function of veins in the circulatory system?

<p>Veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the P wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)?

<p>It represents the electrical activity when the atria contract. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about blood pressure?

<p>Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the umbilical vein in fetal circulation?

<p>It carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of depolarization and repolarization in the heart's electrical activity?

<p>Depolarization starts the heartbeat, while repolarization resets it for the next one. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an echocardiography (ECHO) in diagnosing heart conditions?

<p>It creates pictures of the heart using ultrasound waves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the foramen ovale in a fetus?

<p>It allows blood to bypass the lungs before birth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the blood to bypass the lungs in a fetus?

<p>The lungs are not fully functional in a fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the foramen ovale after the baby takes its first breath?

<p>It closes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for transmitting the electrical impulses from the Atrioventricular (AV) Node to the ventricles?

<p>Bundle of His (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)?

<p>To diagnose heart conditions by measuring the electrical activity of the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the ductus arteriosus in a baby's heart before birth?

<p>It helps the blood avoid going through the lungs because they're not being used yet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ductus arteriosus after the baby takes its first breath?

<p>It closes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the (QRS) complex in an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)?

<p>It shows the electrical signals when the ventricles (lower heart chambers) contract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an echocardiography (ECHO) in diagnosing heart conditions?

<p>To create images of the heart's structure and function using ultrasound waves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)?

<p>To record the electrical activity of the heart. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the function of arterioles in the circulatory system?

<p>Arterioles can make the blood flow faster or slower by widening or narrowing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of one-way valves in veins?

<p>To prevent blood from flowing backward in the veins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the heart rate?

<p>The speed at which your heart beats. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the Cardiac Output (CO) of the heart?

<p>The amount of blood your heart pumps with each beat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the foramen ovale in a baby's heart before birth?

<p>To connect the right atrium to the left atrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the umbilical vein in fetal circulation?

<p>To carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fetal heart feature acts as a temporary blood shortcut in a baby's heart before birth?

<p>Foramen ovale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of echocardiography (ECHO) in diagnosing heart conditions?

<p>To visualize the heart's structure and function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the T wave in the heart's electrical activity?

<p>The T wave represents the electrical activity when the ventricles relax. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an ECG work?

<p>It detects electrical signals on the skin's surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is used to assess the heart rate and rhythm?

<p>Pulse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Thoracic radiography?

<p>To examine the heart and lungs for any abnormalities by taking x-rays (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does blood pressure measure?

<p>The force of blood against artery walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary purpose of auscultating the thorax?

<p>To listen to sounds related to the heart and lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animals have a slower pulse?

<p>Larger animals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pulse typically felt on the surface of the body?

<p>Over the Arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the size of an animal and its pulse rate?

<p>Smaller animals have a faster pulse rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for transmitting the electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles?

<p>Bundle of His (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do all systemic veins eventually drain into?

<p>The Vena Cava (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Atrioventricular (AV) Node located?

<p>Between the atria and ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Atrioventricular (AV) Node do to the electrical signal in the heart before it reaches the ventricles?

<p>Slows it down (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave in the QRS complex corresponds to the depolarization of the interventricular septum?

<p>Q wave (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave in the QRS complex corresponds to the depolarization of the main mass of the ventricles?

<p>R wave (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave in the QRS complex corresponds to the final part of depolarization of the ventricles near the base of the heart?

<p>S wave (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest wave out of all three, in the QRS complex?

<p>R wave (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel has multiple one-way valves in its lumen?

<p>Veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Cardiac Conduction System

  • The cardiac conduction system is a network of special cells that send electrical signals to make the heart beat in a coordinated way.
  • The system consists of the Sinoatrial (SA) Node, Atrioventricular (AV) Node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje Fibers.
  • The SA Node is the "natural pacemaker" that initiates electrical impulses in the heart.
  • The AV Node slows down the electrical signal to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles.
  • The Bundle of His transmits electrical impulses from the AV Node to the ventricles.
  • The Purkinje Fibers spread the electrical signal rapidly throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract.

The Cardiac Cycle

  • The cardiac cycle, or one heartbeat, includes the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles.
  • The cycle involves systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of the heart muscles.
  • Each chamber of the heart takes its turn to contract and relax, but not simultaneously.
  • The ventricles contract together, squeezing blood out of the heart.
  • Normal heart sounds include the "lub" sound after the atria squeeze and the "dub" sound after the ventricular systole.

Cardiac Output

  • Cardiac Output (CO) is the amount of blood the heart pumps out in one minute.
  • CO depends on two factors: Stroke Volume (SV) and Heart Rate (HR).
  • CO can be calculated by multiplying SV by HR.

Heart Rate

  • Heart rate is controlled by the SA Node, which acts as a natural pacemaker.
  • The heart rate is adjustable based on the body's needs and can change depending on factors like exercise.

Blood Vessels

  • There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins.
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart to different parts of the body.
  • There are two main types of arteries: elastic arteries and muscular arteries.
  • Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled tubes where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged.
  • Veins carry oxygen-rich blood toward the heart and have one-way valves to ensure blood flows in the correct direction.

Pulse and Blood Pressure

  • Pulse is the rhythmic stretching and rebounding of an artery, similar to the heart's beat.
  • Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as it flows.
  • Blood pressure depends on Stroke Volume and Total Blood Volume.

Monitoring the Cardiovascular System

  • Auscultation: listening to the chest with a stethoscope to hear sounds related to the heart and lungs.
  • Pulse: checking the rhythmic beating of an artery to assess heart rate and rhythm.
  • Blood Pressure: measuring the force of blood against artery walls.
  • Thoracic Radiography: taking X-ray images of the chest to examine the heart and lungs.
  • Electrocardiography: recording the electrical activity of the heart to assess heart rhythm and detect irregularities.
  • Echocardiography: using ultrasound waves to create images of the heart's structure and function.

Electrocardiography

  • Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a medical test that records the electrical activity of the heart.
  • The test produces an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), which is a visual representation of the heart's electrical activity.
  • The ECG consists of the P Wave, QRS Complex, and T Wave, representing the heart's electrical activity.

Fetal Blood Circulation

  • The fetus receives its oxygen supply from the mother's blood through the placenta.
  • The umbilical vein (cord) connects the fetus to the placenta.
  • The fetus's lungs are not actively used during development, receiving only a small amount of blood to keep them in a state of readiness for post-birth functionality.

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