Langman's Chapter 3-6
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Questions and Answers

What is the percentage of sperm deposited in the vagina that enter the cervix?

  • 1% (correct)
  • 20%
  • 5%
  • 10%

    • Where do sperm become less motile and cease their migration?

  • Isthmus (correct)
  • Cervix
  • Uterine tube
  • Ampulla

    • What is the region of the uterine tube where fertilization usually occurs?

  • Isthmus
  • Ovary
  • Ampulla (correct)
  • Infundibulum

    • What is the primary function of yellowish luteal cells during the first four months of pregnancy?

    <p>Maintaining pregnancy by secreting progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates sperm motility at ovulation, allowing them to swim to the ampulla?

    <p>Chemoattractants produced by cumulus cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the placenta takes over progesterone secretion after the fourth month of pregnancy?

    <p>Trophoblastic component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can sperm remain viable in the female reproductive tract?

    <p>Several days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the corpus luteum of pregnancy if it is removed before the fourth month?

    <p>It leads to abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of oocyte penetration does the spermatozoon penetrate the oocyte membrane while losing its own plasma membrane?

    <p>Phase 3, fusion of sperm and oocyte cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fimbriae in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To collect and sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the breakdown of collagen fibers surrounding the follicle?

    <p>Elevated LH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of oocyte development is the growth independent of FSH?

    <p>Growing follicle stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the muscular contractions in the ovarian wall during ovulation?

    <p>Extrusion of the oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of meiosis is the oocyte arrested before ovulation?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that appears at the apex of the ovary during ovulation?

    <p>Stigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the zona pellucida in the fertilization process?

    <p>To facilitate and maintain sperm binding and induce the acrosome reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the contact between the sperm head and the oocyte surface during fertilization?

    <p>The release of lysosomal enzymes from cortical granules lining the oocyte plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the corona radiata in the fertilization process?

    <p>To aid the fertilizing sperm in penetrating the barriers protecting the female gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the acrosome reaction during fertilization?

    <p>To allow the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the zona reaction during fertilization?

    <p>The prevention of sperm penetration and the inactivation of species-specific receptor sites for spermatozoa on the zona surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate time frame for the fertilized oocyte to reach the uterine lumen?

    <p>3-4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates and forms a corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum if the oocyte is fertilized?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure formed by the corpus luteum if the oocyte is fertilized?

    <p>Corpus luteum graviditatis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the decrease in progesterone production if the oocyte is not fertilized?

    <p>Menstrual bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cortical oocyte granules during fertilization?

    <p>To release lysosomal enzymes that prevent polyspermy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the zona reaction during fertilization?

    <p>The zona pellucida alters its structure and composition to prevent sperm binding and penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fertilization, what is the fate of the plasma membrane covering the acrosomal head cap?

    <p>It disappears during the acrosome reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the sperm and oocyte membranes fuse during fertilization?

    <p>The interaction of integrins on the sperm and their ligands on the oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate response of the oocyte to sperm penetration?

    <p>The resumption of the second meiotic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the second polar body?

    <p>It receives hardly any cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of initial cellular and molecular events associated with early embryogenesis?

    <p>Metabolic activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the tail of the spermatozoon during fertilization?

    <p>It detaches and degenerates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the male and female pronuclei come into close contact?

    <p>Fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence if the male and female pronuclei do not replicate their DNA?

    <p>Each cell of the two-cell zygote has half the normal amount of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure formed by the chromosomes during the pronuclear stage?

    <p>Vesicular nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of development where the male and female pronuclei come into close contact?

    <p>Pronuclear stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the activating factor during fertilization?

    <p>It triggers the initial cellular and molecular events associated with early embryogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of development that follows immediately after DNA synthesis?

    <p>Normal mitotic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fertilized oocyte?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which sperm move from the cervix to the uterine tube?

    <p>Muscular contractions of the uterus and uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of fertilization do the male and female pronuclei come into close contact?

    <p>During the formation of the zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cumulus cells surrounding the egg during fertilization?

    <p>To produce chemoattractants for sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the sperm tail during fertilization?

    <p>It is lost during the fertilization process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of fertilization do the chromosomes become arranged on the spindle and move to opposite poles?

    <p>During the second meiotic division of the oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the inner acrosomal membrane during fertilization?

    <p>To dissolve and allow the sperm nucleus to penetrate the oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the removal of the corpus luteum before the fourth month of pregnancy?

    <p>Abortion will occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of oocyte penetration does the spermatozoon bind to the zona pellucida?

    <p>Phase 1, where the spermatozoon binds to the zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the trophoblastic component of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>To produce progesterone to maintain pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that collects the oocyte and sweeps it into the uterine tube during ovulation?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prostaglandin levels in response to the LH surge during ovulation?

    <p>To cause local muscular contractions in the ovarian wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the high concentration of LH during ovulation?

    <p>Digestion of collagen fibers surrounding the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of meiosis at which the oocyte is arrested before ovulation?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that appears at the apex of the ovary during ovulation?

    <p>Stigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of initial cellular and molecular events associated with early embryogenesis?

    <p>Blastulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the oocyte prevents polyspermy during fertilization?

    <p>Release of cortical oocyte granules containing lysosomal enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate consequence of the release of cortical oocyte granules during fertilization?

    <p>Alteration of the zona pellucida structure and composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spermatozoon fuses with the oocyte membrane during fertilization?

    <p>The membrane that covers the posterior region of the sperm head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of the oocyte immediately after sperm penetration?

    <p>Resumption of the second meiotic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the plasma membrane covering the spermatozoon during fertilization?

    <p>It is left behind on the oocyte surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ligand ZP3 in the zona pellucida?

    <p>To facilitate and maintain sperm binding and induce the acrosome reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the permeability change of the zona pellucida during fertilization?

    <p>Sperm penetration is prevented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of capacitated sperm in fertilization?

    <p>To aid in the penetration of the corona radiata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cortical granules lining the plasma membrane of the oocyte during fertilization?

    <p>To release lysosomal enzymes to prevent sperm penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the interaction between the sperm head and the oocyte surface during fertilization?

    <p>Lysosomal enzymes are released from cortical granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical composition of the chromosomes in the female pronucleus?

    <p>22 plus X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fertilization, what is the fate of the tail of the spermatozoon?

    <p>It degenerates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

    <p>It continues to grow and forms the corpus luteum of pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that occurs immediately after DNA synthesis in the pronuclear stage?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum if the oocyte is fertilized?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of development where the male and female pronuclei come into close contact and lose their nuclear envelopes?

    <p>Pronuclear stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for the fertilized oocyte to reach the uterine lumen?

    <p>Approximately 3-4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed by the chromosomes during the pronuclear stage?

    <p>Vesicular nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the granulosa cells after ovulation?

    <p>They differentiate into lutein cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates and forms a corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence if the male and female pronuclei do not replicate their DNA?

    <p>The zygote will have half the normal amount of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the activating factor during fertilization?

    <p>It encompasses the initial cellular and molecular events associated with early embryogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of fertilization do the male and female pronuclei come into close contact?

    <p>Pronuclear stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of DNA synthesis in the pronuclear stage?

    <p>The preparation for a normal mitotic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the second polar body?

    <p>It receives a small amount of cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of meiosis at which the oocyte is arrested before ovulation?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the high concentration of LH during ovulation?

    <p>Increase in collagenase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of prostaglandin levels in response to the LH surge during ovulation?

    <p>Causing local muscular contractions in the ovarian wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that breaks free from the ovary during ovulation?

    <p>Oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that occurs to the collagen fibers surrounding the follicle during ovulation?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which sperm are propelled through the female reproductive tract?

    <p>Muscular contractions of the uterus and uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of meiosis is the oocyte arrested before ovulation?

    <p>Metaphase of the second meiotic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate region of the uterine tube where fertilization typically occurs?

    <p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the sperm heads that do not penetrate the oocyte?

    <p>They remain stuck in the zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can sperm remain viable in the female reproductive tract?

    <p>Several days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of spermatozoa that reach the site of fertilization?

    <p>300 to 500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the zona pellucida?

    <p>To facilitate and maintain sperm binding and induce the acrosome reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the contact between the sperm head and the oocyte surface during fertilization?

    <p>Release of lysosomal enzymes from cortical granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ligand ZP3 in fertilization?

    <p>To mediate binding and the acrosome reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the release of lysosomal enzymes from cortical granules during fertilization?

    <p>Prevention of sperm penetration and inactivation of species-specific receptor sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the pronuclei during the pronuclear stage?

    <p>They are indistinguishable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chromosomes after DNA synthesis during the pronuclear stage?

    <p>They organize on the spindle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the yellowish luteal cells in the ovary?

    <p>To secrete progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence if the male and female pronuclei do not replicate their DNA?

    <p>Each cell of the two-cell zygote has half the normal amount of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure formed by the chromosomes during the pronuclear stage?

    <p>Vesicular nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of removing the corpus luteum before the fourth month of pregnancy?

    <p>Abortion will occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of oocyte penetration does the spermatozoon bind to the zona pellucida?

    <p>Phase 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of initial cellular and molecular events associated with early embryogenesis?

    <p>Metabolic activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that collects the oocyte and sweeps it into the uterine tube during ovulation?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of meiosis at which the oocyte is arrested before ovulation?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of preventing polyspermy during fertilization?

    <p>Cortical and zona reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the spermatozoon's plasma membrane during fertilization?

    <p>It is left behind on the oocyte surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate response of the oocyte to sperm penetration?

    <p>It releases cortical granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the sperm head fuses with the oocyte membrane during fertilization?

    <p>The posterior region of the sperm head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the release of cortical oocyte granules during fertilization?

    <p>The zona pellucida alters its structure and composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate time frame for the fertilized oocyte to reach the uterine lumen?

    <p>3 to 4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure formed by the corpus luteum if the oocyte is fertilized?

    <p>Corpus luteum graviditatis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the decrease in progesterone production if the oocyte is not fertilized?

    <p>Menstrual bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the corpus luteum?

    <p>It is a yellowish projection on the surface of the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the cavity of the follicle after ovulation?

    <p>It becomes a mass of fibrotic scar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of granulosa cells in the corpus luteum?

    <p>They produce progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of degeneration of the corpus luteum?

    <p>Luteolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate time frame for the corpus luteum to reach maximum development after ovulation?

    <p>9 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of luteal cells in the corpus luteum?

    <p>They produce progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the degeneration of the corpus luteum if the oocyte is not fertilized?

    <p>Menstrual bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

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