Fertilization Process

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the removal of membrane proteins during capacitation?

  • To aid in the penetration of the oocyte (correct)
  • To increase the motility of sperm
  • To facilitate the fusion of sperm with the oocyte plasma membrane
  • To enhance the chances of polyspermy

What is the term for the condition where multiple sperm fuse with the oocyte?

  • Fertilization
  • Capacitation
  • Cleavage
  • Polyspermy (correct)

During which stage of fertilization does the sperm lose its tail?

  • Penetration of the oocyte
  • Capacitation
  • After completing meiosis II
  • Fusion with the oocyte plasma membrane (correct)

What is the resulting product of the fusion of sperm with the oocyte?

<p>Diploid zygote (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the cell divisions during cleavage?

<p>Rapid mitotic divisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the process of capacitation occur?

<p>Cervical mucus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the corona radiata and zona pellucida?

<p>To block sperm penetration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of fertilization that occurs immediately after sperm deposition in the vagina?

<p>Waiting period for capacitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the abundant cytoplasm in the conceptus during pre-embryonic cleavages?

<p>To allow for rapid cell division without changing the total volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to the endometrium if the implanted blastocyst did not secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

<p>It would slough off during the process of menses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the syncytiotrophoblast cells during implantation?

<p>To invade and digest the endometrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of a small surface area-to-volume ratio for the zygote?

<p>It is beneficial for the zygote to conserve nutrients and energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of the implantation process?

<p>About a week (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are formed as the pre-embryo floats to the uterus?

<p>The blastocyst and the inner cell mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the LH-like hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during implantation?

<p>It maintains the integrity of the corpus luteum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the blastocyst obtain nutrients during its journey to the uterus?

<p>It absorbs nutrients from the uterine secretions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Fertilization

  • Fertilization is the process of forming a fertilized egg, resulting from sperm deposition in the vagina during copulation.
  • Sperm must undergo capacitation, a gradual process of membrane protein removal and release, to penetrate the egg.
  • Capacitation occurs as sperm travel through cervical mucus, uterus, and uterine tubes, enabling them to penetrate the oocyte.
  • Hundreds of capacitated sperm must break through the corona radiata and zona pellucida to fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane.
  • Once fused, the sperm loses its tail and migrates to the center of the oocyte, completing meiosis II and forming a diploid zygote.

Cleavage

  • Cleavage is the process of rapid mitotic divisions in the zygote, occurring as it travels down the uterine tube towards the uterus.
  • Cell growth periods between divisions are very short, resulting in smaller daughter cells.
  • Pre-embryonic cleavages utilize the abundant cytoplasm of the conceptus, dividing rapidly without changing the total volume.
  • A small surface area-to-volume ratio is beneficial to the zygote, allowing for efficient diffusion of nutrients and waste.

Implantation

  • Implantation begins around day 6-7 after ovulation, as the blastocyst floats to the uterine cavity.
  • The endometrium's special glycoproteins aid in blastocyst implantation, and the trophoblast cells attach to the endometrium.
  • Syncytiotrophoblast cells invade and digest the endometrium, covering and sealing off the implanted blastocyst within a short time.
  • Implantation takes about a week and is completed by the 14th day after ovulation, maintained by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the trophoblast cells.

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