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Questions and Answers
What effect does an increase in the age at which women have children typically have on the total fertility rate (TFR)?
What effect does an increase in the age at which women have children typically have on the total fertility rate (TFR)?
Cohort analysis provides insight regarding the number of children women have over their lifetime.
Cohort analysis provides insight regarding the number of children women have over their lifetime.
True
Name one characteristic that can be measured in demographic analysis.
Name one characteristic that can be measured in demographic analysis.
Age
Lower birth rates and higher life expectancy lead to an __________ population.
Lower birth rates and higher life expectancy lead to an __________ population.
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Which of the following can be a result of migration on a population?
Which of the following can be a result of migration on a population?
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Match the demographic characteristic with its definition:
Match the demographic characteristic with its definition:
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High fertility can balance an ageing population.
High fertility can balance an ageing population.
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What is the impact of an ageing population on healthcare systems?
What is the impact of an ageing population on healthcare systems?
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Which of the following is a way to obtain citizenship?
Which of the following is a way to obtain citizenship?
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Globalization is mostly viewed as an economic phenomenon.
Globalization is mostly viewed as an economic phenomenon.
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What is 'pendular migration'?
What is 'pendular migration'?
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The _________ tendency in migration studies prioritizes the effects of immigration in wealthy nations over the causes in origin countries.
The _________ tendency in migration studies prioritizes the effects of immigration in wealthy nations over the causes in origin countries.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of migration?
Which of the following is NOT a type of migration?
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Match the types of migration with their descriptions:
Match the types of migration with their descriptions:
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What is one major negative consequence of migration as described in the historical-structural theory?
What is one major negative consequence of migration as described in the historical-structural theory?
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Push factors are _________ that drive people away from their origin locales.
Push factors are _________ that drive people away from their origin locales.
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What does cognitive reserve refer to?
What does cognitive reserve refer to?
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Cognitive decline is a linear process.
Cognitive decline is a linear process.
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What is the minimum duration for symptoms to be diagnosed as depression?
What is the minimum duration for symptoms to be diagnosed as depression?
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Young-onset dementia is diagnosed in individuals before the age of _____ years.
Young-onset dementia is diagnosed in individuals before the age of _____ years.
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Match the following types of depression with their descriptions:
Match the following types of depression with their descriptions:
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Which country has the highest reported prevalence of depression in the EU?
Which country has the highest reported prevalence of depression in the EU?
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Men are more likely to commit suicide than women.
Men are more likely to commit suicide than women.
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What are some common risk factors for depression?
What are some common risk factors for depression?
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What is the primary cause of ischemic strokes?
What is the primary cause of ischemic strokes?
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Transient ischemic stroke (TIA) is characterized by a permanent blockage of blood flow to the brain.
Transient ischemic stroke (TIA) is characterized by a permanent blockage of blood flow to the brain.
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What is the second leading cause of death in the EU?
What is the second leading cause of death in the EU?
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High blood pressure, smoking, and _______ are common risk factors for stroke.
High blood pressure, smoking, and _______ are common risk factors for stroke.
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Which type of stroke accounts for 85% of all strokes?
Which type of stroke accounts for 85% of all strokes?
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Match the following symptoms to their descriptions:
Match the following symptoms to their descriptions:
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Depression affects approximately 40 million adults in the EU.
Depression affects approximately 40 million adults in the EU.
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Identify one significant economic impact of dementia on the EU.
Identify one significant economic impact of dementia on the EU.
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What are the three main ways to define socioeconomic status (SES)?
What are the three main ways to define socioeconomic status (SES)?
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Individuals with a lower socioeconomic status typically have access to more health resources compared to those with a higher socioeconomic status.
Individuals with a lower socioeconomic status typically have access to more health resources compared to those with a higher socioeconomic status.
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What does socioeconomic status reflect in terms of quality of life?
What does socioeconomic status reflect in terms of quality of life?
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People with a __________ SES live near or below the poverty line.
People with a __________ SES live near or below the poverty line.
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Match the SES indicators with their descriptions:
Match the SES indicators with their descriptions:
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What is one significant impact of low socioeconomic status on health?
What is one significant impact of low socioeconomic status on health?
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Higher SES individuals can afford luxuries that medium SES individuals cannot.
Higher SES individuals can afford luxuries that medium SES individuals cannot.
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What does the differentiation between parental SES and children’s perceived SES depend on?
What does the differentiation between parental SES and children’s perceived SES depend on?
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Study Notes
### Fertility Rates
- If women have children earlier, the total fertility rate (TFR) could increase, even if the total number of children per family remains the same.
- Cohort analysis can provide a clear understanding of how many children a woman has over her lifetime.
### Population Characteristics
- Measured characteristics include age, race, sex, year of birth, place of birth, ethnicity, sex ratio, nativity, ancestry, religion, citizenship, marital status, household characteristics, living arrangements, education level, school enrollment, labor force status, income, wealth, childbearing age, and the distribution of the population.
Ageing and Migration Effects
- Older individuals are more likely to experience multiple health conditions.
- Migration can alter the age distribution and size of a population, potentially improving the economy.
- An ageing population can strain healthcare systems with increased costs for long-term care services due to conditions like Alzheimer's.
- A decline in the working-age population can lead to fewer workers and increased pressure on pension services, impacting the economy.
- Higher life expectancy combined with lower birth rates results in an ageing population.
- High fertility can balance an ageing population, but without it, the population ages.
- Age disparities can lead to social divisions, particularly between urban areas and rural villages where older populations are more concentrated.
Population Measures
- Total fertility is measured by the average number of babies women have over their lifetime. This data is obtained through records of birth, descent, naturalization, or marriage.
- Life expectancy is a measure of how long a person is expected to live.
- International migrant stock refers to the number of people living in a country who were born in a different country.
Globalization and Migration Theories
- Globalization, the interconnectedness of global societies, is often viewed as an economic process.
- It's argued that globalization makes migration both inevitable and a result of global capitalism, leaving immigrants with little choice.
- The "receiving country bias" in migration studies focuses on the impact of immigration in wealthy countries, neglecting the origins and consequences of migration in sending countries.
- Functionalist theory views society as a system, where interconnected parts strive for equilibrium. Migration is seen as a positive force in this context.
- Historical-structural theory argues that social, economic, and political structures influence individual behavior, leading to inequalities rather than equilibrium. This theory suggests migration reinforces these inequalities by providing cheap labor, causing brain drain in sending countries, and benefiting the wealthy in receiving countries.
Types of Migration
- Pendular migration involves regular movement between two places, such as a residence and workplace. This is often seen in cross-border movement where individuals live in one country and work in another.
- Circular migration refers to repetitive movement between two or more locations, typically for employment, with the intent of eventually returning home.
- Transit migration involves a temporary stay in a country en route to a final destination.
Push and Pull Factors for Migration
- Push factors are reasons why someone leaves their country of origin, such as poverty, violence, or lack of opportunity.
- Pull factors are reasons why someone is drawn to a new country, such as better job opportunities, higher wages, or more education options.
Cognitive Reserve
- Cognitive reserve refers to the brain's ability to resist damage and delay the onset of dementia.
- Factors like education, intellectual activity, and physical activity can contribute to a stronger cognitive reserve.
Research Methods for Dementia
- Randomized control studies examine the impact of interventions on dementia progression.
- Cohort studies are longitudinal investigations that track individuals over time to understand dementia development.
- Cross-sectional studies identify risk factors for dementia.
- Case-control studies investigate protective factors against dementia.
Dementia and Age
- Age is less of a risk factor for dementia as a direct cause, but its significance grows due to increasing life expectancies, which increases the likelihood of developing dementia.
- Young-onset dementia refers to a diagnosis before age 65 and affects about 9% of people.
Dementia Symptoms and Development
- Dementia symptoms are not always linear in their development, meaning the severity can fluctuate.
Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Types, Trends
- Depression is a mental disorder that involves persistent depressed mood or loss of interest in activities.
- Symptoms include fatigue, appetite changes, sleep disturbances, loss of concentration, feelings of guilt, and suicidal thoughts.
- Symptoms must be present for at least two weeks for a diagnosis.
- Types of depression include major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, postpartum depression, and depressive episodes.
Depression: Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Depression is more common in women than men, and is particularly prevalent in the elderly.
- Approximately 40% of people experience their first episode of depression before age 20.
- Men have higher suicide rates.
- Germany has the highest number of depression cases in the EU, with 9.2% of the population affected. Luxembourg and Sweden also have high rates.
- Lifetime prevalence of depression is 10-15%.
- Prevalence increased after the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Age-related factors: chronic illness, social isolation, and disability all increase depression risk.
- Undiagnosed depression can be mistaken for dementia, particularly in older individuals.
- The elderly may have less access to information regarding mental health due to factors like social media.
- Resilience built up throughout life can influence vulnerability to depression.
- Risk factors: Family history, stress, life events, medical conditions, substance abuse, hormonal changes, social isolation, identity struggles, and social media pressure.
Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, Types, Trends
- Stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted, leading to brain cell death and sudden brain dysfunction.
- Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, decreased consciousness, weakness, difficulty speaking, loss of balance, confusion, vision problems, and numbness on one side of the body.
- Stroke is a significant public health concern.
- It is the second leading cause of death and a major contributor to long-term disability.
Stroke: Risk Factors and Types
- Risk factors for stroke include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, physical inactivity, and atrial fibrillation.
- Types of stroke:
- Ischemic stroke: caused by a blocked artery, typically due to a blood clot. Accounts for 85% of all strokes.
- Hemorrhagic stroke: caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the brain, leading to bleeding. This is often related to high blood pressure or aneurysms.
- Transient ischemic stroke (TIA): temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, also known as a mini-stroke, which can be a warning sign of a future stroke.
Stroke Trends and Impact
- The number of people living with a stroke is increasing due to population ageing.
- In the EU, there are an estimated 600,000 stroke-related deaths and 1.3 million cases of long-term disability annually.
Public Health Impact of Dementia, Depression, and Stroke
-
Dementia
- EU has the highest proportion of elderly population.
- 10 million people currently live with dementia, and this number is estimated to double by 2050.
- Annual costs of dementia in EU are estimated at 250 billion euros.
- Stigma surrounds dementia, leading to underreported cases.
- Poorer countries lack adequate dementia management due to higher costs and limited understanding of the condition.
- Family members often assume caregiving roles, causing economic strain.
- Admissions to nursing homes and hospitals are increasing for people with dementia.
-
Depression
- 40 million adults in the EU live with depression.
- Depression leads to loss of productivity.
- 75% of those in low and middle-income countries receive no treatment, largely due to limited access to care, social stigma, and a lack of healthcare providers.
-
Stroke
- Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the EU.
- Annual cost of stroke is estimated at 45 billion euros, covering hospitalization, rehabilitation, and long-term care.
- Stroke-related disability contributes to loss of productivity.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
- SES refers to an individual's position within society based on factors like income, occupation, and education.
- It also includes subjective perceptions of social status and social class.
- SES reflects quality of life and opportunities available within society, acting as a strong predictor of psychological outcomes.
Indicators of SES
- Income
- Education level
- Occupation
High, Medium, and Low SES
- Low SES individuals have limited access to financial, educational, social, and health resources.
- Lower education levels are associated with higher rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
- Low SES individuals often prioritize basic needs like food, shelter, and safety over education.
- Medium SES individuals meet basic needs, but high SES individuals have greater access to luxuries.
- Subjective perception and different measurement methods make it difficult to establish clear boundaries between SES levels.
Parental vs. Perceived SES
- Parental socioeconomic status (SES) can affect a child's perceived SES, which is based on their own perceptions of their position and surroundings.
- This perception is shaped by individual experiences and the social context.
- The relationship between parental SES and children's perceived SES is complex, involving interpretations, comparisons, and values.
SES and Health Inequalities
- Low SES is associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates.
- SES disparities contribute to mental health inequalities.
- Education level is one crucial indicator of SES and its impact on health outcomes.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of fertility rates, population characteristics, and the effects of ageing and migration. This quiz covers how early childbearing and cohort analysis influence total fertility rates, as well as the various measurable characteristics that define a population. It also examines the impacts of an ageing population and migration on health and economic factors.
