Ferromagnetism and Paramagnetism Quiz

What defines a substance as ferromagnetic?

What primarily contributes to the magnetic moment in the first series of transition metals?

How is the magnetic moment calculated for a substance with unpaired electrons?

What is the magnetic moment of a single unpaired electron in Bohr magnetons?

Which ion has 0 unpaired electrons and a magnetic moment of 0 Bohr magnetons?

For which of the following ions is the observed magnetic moment closer to the calculated value?

What effect does an increasing number of unpaired electrons have on the magnetic moment?

Which ion configuration indicates 3 unpaired electrons?

Which ion exhibits a calculated magnetic moment that significantly differs from the observed value?

What is the observed magnetic moment range for Ni$^{2+}$?

Ferromagnetism and Paramagnetism

Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted to magnets.
Ferromagnetism is a strong form of paramagnetism.
Many transition metal ions exhibit paramagnetism.
Paramagnetism results from unpaired electrons.
Each unpaired electron has a magnetic moment due to both spin and orbital angular momentum.

Determining Magnetic Moment

For first-row transition metal compounds, orbital angular momentum is insignificant.
Magnetic moment is determined by the number of unpaired electrons using the spin-only formula: µ = √(n(n+2)) where n = number of unpaired electrons, and µ = magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons (BM).
A single unpaired electron has a magnetic moment of 1.73 Bohr magnetons (BM).
An increasing number of unpaired electrons leads to a higher magnetic moment.
This relationship helps determine the number of unpaired electrons present in an atom, molecule, or ion.

Table 8.7: Calculated and Observed Magnetic Moments (BM)

The table compares calculated and observed magnetic moments for various transition metal ions.
The table shows ions in their hydrated form (usually in solution or solid form).
Ion | Configuration | Unpaired electrons | Calculated Magnetic Moment | Observed Magnetic Moment
--|---|---|---|--- Sc³⁺ | 3d⁰ | 0 | 0 | 0 Ti³⁺ | 3d¹ | 1 | 1.73 | 1.75 V²⁺ | 3d² | 2 | 2.84 | 2.76 Cr²⁺| 3d³ | 3 | 3.87 | 3.86 Mn²⁺ | 3d⁵ | 5 | 5.92 | 5.96 Fe²⁺ | 3d⁶ | 4 | 4.90 | 5.3 – 5.5 Co²⁺ | 3d⁷ | 3 | 3.87 | 4.4 – 5.2 Ni²⁺ | 3d⁸ | 2 | 2.84 | 2.9 – 3.4 Cu²⁺ | 3d⁹ | 1 | 1.73 | 1.8 – 2.2 Zn²⁺ | 3d¹⁰ | 0 | 0 | 0

Test your understanding of ferromagnetism and paramagnetism through this quiz. Explore the effects of unpaired electrons on magnetic moments and learn how to calculate them accurately. Perfect for students studying material science or chemistry.