Fermentation Technology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for an effective fermenter?

  • Control the pH of the culture
  • Maximize contamination levels (correct)
  • Minimize liquid loss from the vessel
  • Allow feeding of nutrient solutions and reagents

What is the primary purpose of agitation in fermenters?

  • To mix the three phases within a fermenter (correct)
  • To increase the temperature of the liquid
  • To eliminate the need for oxygen
  • To minimize the growth of microorganisms

Which type of fermenter uses compressed gas for mixing?

  • Batch fermenter
  • Continuous flow fermenter
  • Airlift fermenter (ALF) (correct)
  • Stirred Tank Reactors (STRs)

What component in a stirred tank reactor aids in mass transfer?

<p>Baffle plates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of using shake flask fermentations?

<p>Limited scale-up potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is crucial to maintain during fermentation aside from agitation?

<p>Control the temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fermentation, the liquid phase in a fermenter primarily contains what?

<p>Dissolved nutrients and metabolites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key function of the impeller in a stirred tank reactor?

<p>To drive the stirrer system for mixing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates liquid movement in airlift fermenters?

<p>Injection of compressed air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the upward movement of liquid in an airlift reactor?

<p>Density difference between riser and downcomer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using airlift fermenters over mechanically agitated reactors?

<p>Reduced heat generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do deep-jet fermenters use to mix contents?

<p>Liquid kinetic energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is efficient heat transfer achieved in fermenter design?

<p>Surrounding with an outer jacket or via internal coils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is aeration important in most fermentations?

<p>To provide large quantities of sterile air or oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the sparger typically located in stirred tanks to promote aeration?

<p>Directly below the agitator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when fermentations operate above ambient temperature?

<p>Input additional heat to support metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a batch fermentation system?

<p>No additions following inoculation except for some components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are disadvantages of batch fermentation?

<p>Slower growth rate due to nutrient decline (A), Increased non-productive down-time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of fed-batch fermentation?

<p>Increased nutrient volume reduces toxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In continuous fermentation, what is a primary disadvantage?

<p>Constant loss of large volumes of product (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes solid state fermentation (SSF) from liquid state fermentation (LSF)?

<p>SSF uses solid support while LSF is based on liquid media (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of products can be manufactured using solid state fermentation?

<p>Pharmaceuticals like antibiotics and enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of continuous fermentation?

<p>It maintains a steady state where nutrient concentration is stable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern in a fed-batch fermentation system?

<p>Increased chances of contamination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of solid state fermentation (SSF)?

<p>It involves the growth of microorganisms on solid support. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of solid state fermentation?

<p>High levels of liquid waste production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of culture is involved in straw bioconversion?

<p>Dual culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the solid state fermentation process?

<p>Pretreatment of a substrate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common product generated from solid state fermentation?

<p>Mushrooms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the hydrolysis of substrates primarily achieved in SSF?

<p>By enzymatic actions on polymeric substrates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of materials are typically used in solid state fermentation?

<p>Solid substrates like cereal grains and straws. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do fungi perform better than bacteria in solid state fermentation?

<p>They thrive in low moisture conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of tray bioreactors in solid-substrate fermentation?

<p>Effective oxygen transfer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of packed bed reactors (PBR)?

<p>Immobilized microbial cells act as biocatalysts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) achieve mixing of solid particles?

<p>Through continuous forced aeration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using a rotating drum bioreactor?

<p>Limited substrate capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does heat removal play in solid-substrate fermentation?

<p>It regulates microbial growth and activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use of bed systems in solid-substrate fermentation?

<p>Wastewater management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are humidity levels controlled in tray bioreactors?

<p>By circulating humidified air throughout the chamber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the design of fluidized bed reactors prevent substrate particle aggregation?

<p>Through the application of forced air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of upstream processing (USP) in fermentation?

<p>Processes leading to fermentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metabolites are produced during the active growth of microorganisms?

<p>Primary metabolites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primary metabolites?

<p>Determined by microbial activity alone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of downstream processing (DSP) in fermentation?

<p>To recover products safely and efficiently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is critical in the optimization of fermentation media?

<p>Cost-effective carbon and nutrient sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary metabolites are best defined as?

<p>Not central to the organism's developmental processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of strain improvement in fermentation processes?

<p>To improve yield and productivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product derived from fermentation?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fermenter Parts

Fermenters are vessels used for large-scale microbial growth. They contain components enabling growth, including mixing, aeration, temperature control, and pH control.

Fermenter Requirements

Fermenters need to minimize liquid loss, prevent contamination, adequately mix and aerate, maintain specific temperature, control pH, support various microorganisms, and facilitate feeding nutrients.

Submersion Technique

A fermentation method where microorganisms are suspended in a liquid medium for growth.

Stirred Tank Reactor (STR)

A type of fermenter that uses mechanical agitators to mix the liquid, gas, and solid phases within the vessel.

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Airlift Fermenter (ALF)

A type of fermenter that uses gas expansion for mixing, therefore no moving parts.

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Fermenter Agitation

Stirring the fermentation mixture to mix the liquid, gas, and solid phases or to suspend cells.

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Mixing in Fermenters

Mixing ensures even distribution of nutrients, gases, and heat throughout the fermentation vessel.

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Fermenter Contamination

Prevention of unwanted microorganisms from entering or growing in the fermenter.

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Airlift Fermenter (ALF)

A type of bioreactor that uses compressed air bubbles to circulate liquid, promoting mixing and oxygenation within the fermenter.

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Liquid Circulation (ALF)

Movement of liquid in an airlift fermenter, driven by density differences between riser and downcomer regions.

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Heat Transfer in Fermenter

Controlling temperature during fermentation by efficiently dissipating or supplying heat to maintain optimal conditions for microorganisms.

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Heat Transfer Methods

Using an outer jacket or internal coils to exchange heat between the fermentation broth and a cooling or heating medium.

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Aeration in Fermenter

Providing oxygen or air to the bioreactor for aerobic fermentations, crucial for microorganisms' metabolic activity.

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Sparger System

Device used to introduce sterile air or oxygen into the fermenter, crucial for efficient aeration.

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Deep-Jet Fermenter

A fermenter type that uses liquid kinetic energy and an external pump for circulation and reinjection to mix the fermenter contents.

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Aerobic Fermentation

A type of fermentation that requires oxygen for growth and metabolic activity; the most common type.

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Batch Fermentation

A closed system fermentation where no new nutrients are added after inoculation, except for acid/base, air, and antifoam. The process has a defined beginning and end, with product harvesting and fermenter cleaning.

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Fed-Batch Fermentation

A semi-closed system where extra nutrients are added gradually during the fermentation process, increasing the volume and product concentration. A fresh medium aliquot is added without removing the culture.

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Continuous Fermentation

An open system where fresh medium is continuously added, and the culture is simultaneously removed at the same rate, creating a constant volume. The process reaches a steady state where nutrient and cell concentrations remain stable.

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Solid-State Fermentation (SSF)

Microorganism growth on a solid substrate (e.g., grains, straws) with little to no water. Suitable for various products, including food, fuel, and pharmaceuticals.

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Closed System

A system in which no matter or energy is exchanged with the surroundings.

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Open System

A system that allows the exchange of matter or energy.

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Fermentation

A process involving microscopic organisms growing and creating products.

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Down-time

The period when a fermentation system is not in operation, typically for cleaning and preparation for a new batch.

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Solid State Fermentation (SSF)

A type of fermentation where microorganisms grow on a solid substrate with little to no water.

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SSF Substrate

Solid materials used in SSF, often agricultural or industrial waste like grains, straws, sawdust.

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SSF Products

Products made through SSF, including food (mushrooms, cheese), fuels, pharmaceuticals (antibiotics), and enzymes.

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SSF Advantages

SSF produces minimal waste, uses natural low-tech processes, and doesn't need sterile conditions.

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Fungi in SSF

Fungi often perform better than bacteria in SSF due to lower water needs in this type of fermentation.

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SSF Pretreatment

The initial step in SSF, where the substrate is physically or chemically modified to improve nutrient availability and reduce its size.

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SSF Multistep Process

SSF involves multiple stages, including substrate pretreatment, hydrolysis, utilization of products, and separation/purification of end products.

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SSF Types

SSF can use monocultures, dual cultures, or mixed cultures, based on species and the intended output.

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SSF Bioreactors

Bioreactors used for solid-substrate fermentation (SSF), a method of growing microorganisms on solid materials, are often batch processes though attempts exist for fed-batch and continuous systems.

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Tray Bioreactor

A type of SSF bioreactor where a substrate is spread on trays in a stacked chamber, circulated air keeps it moist, and temperature is regulated (usually water-based).

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Bed Systems (SSF)

SSF bioreactors that consist of a bed of substrate (e.g., 1m deep), with humidified air forced from below, and for mixing/aeration.

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Packed Bed Reactor (PBR)

A type of bed system (SSF) that uses immobilized microbial cells, fed with nutrients, and uses forced aeration.

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Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR)

A type of bed system (SSF) where solid substrate particles act like a fluid, mixed continuously with forced aeration.

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Rotating Drum Bioreactor

A bioreactor with a cylindrical drum, semi-filled with substrate. Rotation mixes the material, while air circulates, facilitating processes.

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O2 & CO2 Transfer (bioreactor)

Efficient transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide is vital in both solid and liquid bioreactors, for efficient microbial growth and other desired reactions.

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Scale-up (Bioreactor)

Increasing the size of a bioreactor usually by increasing the surface area or number of trays or beds to handle increasing production demands.

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Upstream Processing (USP)

All stages before fermentation, including obtaining the microbe, improving the strain, and maintaining purity.

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Downstream Processing (DSP)

All processes after fermentation to isolate and purify the desired product.

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Primary Metabolites

Essential molecules for microbial growth, development, and reproduction, often produced during active growth.

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Secondary Metabolites

Molecules that are not crucial for microbial growth, but often have important roles, like antibiotics.

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Fermentation Medium

The nutrients necessary for microbial growth and target product production; often using cost-effective sources.

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Industrial Strain Improvement

Enhancing a microbe's productivity and yield for industrial fermentation.

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Products of Fermentation

The outcomes of the fermentation process, including microbial cells (biomass), metabolites (primary and secondary), and enzymes.

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Strain Purity

Maintaining a desired microbial group without contamination from other species.

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Study Notes

Biotechnology (PMP-404) Level 4 Pharm D

  • Lecture 2 and 3 cover solid state fermentation (SSF)
  • Objectives for Lecture 2: identify basic parts of fermenters, methods for controlling conditions inside, differentiation between fermentation types

Fermenter Specifications

  • Requirements for fermenters include minimizing liquid loss, avoiding contamination, ensuring adequate mixing and aeration, maintaining specific temperature, controlling pH of the culture, promoting growth of wider organism range, and enabling nutrient/reagent feeding

Major Parts of Fermenter

  • Impellers
  • Baffles
  • Inoculation port
  • Sparger
  • Sampling point
  • pH control device
  • Temperature control system
  • Foam control device
  • Bottom drainage system

Submersion Fermentation Techniques

  • 1. Batch: Closed system; no additions except acid/base, air & antifoam after inoculation; has definite start/end; product harvested, fermenter cleaned before restarting

    • Advantages: low contamination chance
    • Disadvantages: slower growth rate, more downtime, variability

  • 2. Fed-Batch: Semi-closed; continuous nutrient additions; product remains until run's end;

    • Advantages: useful if substrate causes viscosity problems or toxicity at high concentration
    • Disadvantages: high contamination risk

  • 3. Continuous: Open system; continuous nutrient addition and product removal at same rate; results in constant volume; reaches a steady state;

    • Advantages: faster growth rate
    • Disadvantages: high contamination risk, product loss

Control of Chemical and Physical Conditions

  • 1. Agitation: Mixing three phases - liquid, gaseous (O2, CO2), solid.
  • 2. Heat transfer: Generated by metabolic activity and agitation. Effective heat transfer is crucial for temperature control. Use outer jacket or internal coils.
  • 3. Aeration: Most fermentations are aerobic. Sterile air/oxygen enters through a sparger system, which is usually located below the agitator in stirred tanks.

Types of Fermenters

  • a) Stirred Tank Reactors (STRs): Mechanically moving agitators/impellers within a baffled cylindrical vessel.
  • b) Airlift Fermenter (ALF): No moving parts, using compressed air at the bottom to create mixing from density difference in the riser and downcomer regions.

Solid State Fermentation (SSF)

  • Growth of microorganisms on solid support without much water.
  • Supports used: cereal grains (rice, wheat, barley, corn), legume seeds, straws, sawdust.
  • Products include: food (cheeses, mushrooms), fuel, pharmaceuticals (antibiotics), enzymes, organic acids, ethanol
  • Bioreactors for SSF are typically batch processes, though fed-batch and continuous systems are being developed.

SSF Advantages

  • Low contamination, minimal waste/effluent, simple technology, high product yield, easy bioreactor design.

SSF Disadvantages

  • Lower growth rates, increased non-productive downtime, variability of product yield, less efficient compared to other methods

Bioreactors for SSF

  • 1. Tray bioreactor: Tray tops are open; bottoms and sides are perforated, allowing aeration; substrate is spread thinly and stacked in a chamber with humidified air circulation. Temperature control with worm/cold water circulation. Scale up achieved increasing tray area. Used for most fermented food/enzyme production.
  • 2. Two-Bed systems: Solid substrate bed up to about 1m deep; humidified air is continuously forced through.
  • 2.a) Packed bed reactor (PBR): Tubular reactors packed with immobilized cells using top or bottom feed with nutrients; uses forced aeration. Uses include waste water management
  • 2.b) Fluidized bed reactor (FBR): Particles behave as a liquid; forced aeration at the bottom chamber creates mixing; used for continuous operation, prevents adhesion between particles.
  • 3. Rotating drum bioreactor: Semi-filled drum that rotates to mix the substrate, with air circulation around the bed. Substrate bed depth is limited for effective oxygen/CO2 transfer (and baffles might be incorporated)

Stages of Fermentation

  • Upstream Processing (USP): Involves microorganism selection and improvement, establishing suitable medium, optimization to maximize yield
  • Downstream Processing (DSP): Includes cell harvesting, product purification, and other finishing processes

Microbial Metabolites

  • Primary metabolites: Essential for organism growth, development, reproduction, central metabolites, formed in large quantities during cells' active growth; easy extraction
  • Secondary metabolites: Do not play role in cell development/reproduction; observed in some microorganisms; ecological function; formed in smaller quantities, with difficult extraction

Phases of Metabolites Production in Batch Culture

  • Phase 1 (Trophophase): Nutrients sufficient; exponential growth, no product formation
  • Phase 2 (Idiophase): Carbon limitation; growth slowing or stopped; product formation and harvesting occurs
  • Phase 3 (Senescence): Product formation stopped, degradation starts

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Biotechnology Fermentation Types PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the essential components and functions of different types of fermenters. This quiz covers various aspects of fermentation technology, including agitation, mass transfer, and heat transfer mechanisms. Perfect for students and professionals in biotechnology and chemical engineering.

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