Fermentation Products and Microbial Enzymes

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Questions and Answers

What are the two major processes into which microbial biomass or cells may be subdivided?

  • Production of baker's yeast by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Production of microbial cells used as food for humans or animals (correct)
  • Production of baker's yeast by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Production of microbial metabolites
  • Production of baker's yeast by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Production of microbial enzymes
  • Production of microbial cells used as food for humans or animals and Bioconversion or Biotransformation

Microbial enzymes have a significant advantage over plant and animal enzymes because they can be produced in large quantities through fermentation techniques.

True (A)

The table below contains microbial enzymes used in the production of ______ fermentation industries.

commercial

Which of the following is NOT a source of microbial enzymes?

<p>Candida (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary metabolic pathways, and what are their products called?

<p>The two primary metabolic pathways are primary metabolic pathways (PMPs) and secondary metabolic pathways (SMPs). The products of PMPs are called primary or central metabolites, and the products of SMPs are called secondary metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of metabolites with their characteristics:

<p>Primary metabolites = They are produced during the trophophase of growth and are essential for basic cellular functions. Secondary metabolites = They are produced during the idiophase of growth and often have antimicrobial, pharmacological, or other unique properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Industrial production of citric acid is primarily achieved through chemical processes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main uses of organic acids in the food industry?

<p>Organic acids are used as additives in the food industry and as chemical feedstock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main advantages of Aspergillus niger over Penicillium strains for commercial production of citric acid?

<p>Aspergillus niger produces more citric acid per unit time and the production of undesirable side products can be suppressed in these mutants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of citric acid?

<p>As a primary ingredient in synthetic fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Corynebacterium glutamicum is a significant source of sodium glutamate.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main approaches to microbiological production of amino acids?

<p>The three main approaches are direct fermentation of amino acids, converting inexpensive intermediate products via biosynthesis, and using enzymes or immobilized cells, sometimes in continuous processes involving enzymes-membrane reactors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between chemical synthesis and microbial production of L-glutamic acid?

<p>Chemical synthesis of L-glutamic acid results in a racemic mixture, which is a mixture of D- and L-isomers. Microbial production can produce the desired L-glutamic acid directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamins are essential micronutrients that can be synthesized by mammals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of vitamins, and how are they defined?

<p>The two types of vitamins are water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. They are classified based on their solubility, which affects their absorption and storage within the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary industrial applications of riboflavin?

<p>Riboflavin is primarily used as a feed additive and in the production of food and pharmaceuticals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotics are primary metabolites produced by microorganisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main organisms known to produce antibiotics, and what are some examples of the antibiotics they produce?

<p>Antibiotics are mainly produced by bacteria, specifically Actinomycetes in the genus Streptomyces, and fungi. Examples include penicillin produced by Penicillium chrysogenum and streptomycin and tetracycline produced by Streptomyces species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main strategies used to maximize penicillin production in fermentation processes?

<p>Strategies include careful adjustment of the medium composition, using a slow continuous feed of glucose, and adding specific precursors, such as phenylacetic acid, to maximize production of specific penicillin types. Using genetic engineering techniques can also further enhance penicillin production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Bioconversion = A biological process that involves modifying an organic compound into a reversible product using chemically defined enzymes. Biotransformation = The use of biological processes to convert organic materials into usable products or energy sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main advantages of bioconversion over conventional chemical methods?

<p>Key advantages of bioconversion over chemical methods include high specificity, requiring lower temperatures, not needing to use heavy metals, and milder reaction conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of microbial transformation reactions?

<p>Polycondensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major application of microbial transformation in the production of secondary metabolites?

<p>A significant application of microbial transformation is in the production of secondary metabolites, often for pharmaceutical or industrial purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conversion of organic materials, such as plant or animal waste, into usable products or energy sources, is a common example of biotransformation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Microbial biomass

Microbial cells produced by fermentation, often used as food or for enzyme production.

Single-cell protein (SCP)

Microbial biomass used as food for humans or animals; usually from algae, yeast, or bacteria.

Microbial enzymes

Enzymes produced by microorganisms, useful in many industries, particularly for their large-scale production.

Amylase

Enzyme that breaks down starch, used in baking and other industries.

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Protease

Enzyme used to break down proteins, used in beer production.

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Lipase

Enzyme used in laundry detergents to break down fats.

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Catalase

Enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

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Lactase

Enzyme that breaks down lactose (milk sugar).

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Pectinase

Enzyme that breaks down pectin, used in fruit juice processing.

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Streptokinase

Enzyme used in medicine, for dissolving blood clots

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Microbial metabolites

Products of microbial metabolism, including primary and secondary metabolites.

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Primary metabolites

Essential products of microbial growth, for the cell's normal functioning.

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Secondary metabolites

Metabolic products not essential for growth, produced during stationary phase.

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Citric acid

Organic acid produced by fungi, used as food additive and preservative.

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Glutamic acid

Amino acid used as a flavor enhancer in food.

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Vitamins

Essential micronutrients, many produced by microbes, used in food and medicine

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Riboflavin

Water-soluble B vitamin, often produced by fungi and yeasts, use in feed.

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Antibiotics

Secondary metabolites with antimicrobial effects produced by some microbes.

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Penicillin

Antibiotic produced by Penicillium, effective against bacteria

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Bioconversion

Microbial process converting one compound to another.

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Study Notes

Fermentation Products

  • Major commercial fermentation products include microbial biomass/cells, enzymes, metabolites, and bioconversion/biotransformation.

Microbial Biomass/Cells

  • Production methods include baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), single-cell protein (SCP) from Spirullina, Candida, Saccharomyces, and Lactobacillus.

Microbial Enzymes

  • Microbial enzymes are commercially produced from plant, animal, and microbial sources.
  • Fermentation techniques allow for large-scale production.
  • Important enzymes and their production sources are tabulated (see below for examples).

Examples of Microbial Enzymes and Sources

  • Baking/Flavors: Amylase (Aspergillus, Bacillus)
  • Beer: Protease (Aspergillus, Bacillus)
  • Laundry Detergents: Lipase (Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Bacillus)
  • Dairy: Catalase (Aspergillus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus), Lactase (β-galactosidase) (Aspergillus), Amylase (Bacillus)
  • Pharmaceutical & Clinical: Streptokinase (Heamolytic Streptococci), Pectinase (Aspergillus, Penicillium)

Microbial Metabolites

  • Primary metabolites are produced during the exponential growth phase and are crucial to the growth process.
  • Examples are amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, solvents, and organic acids.
  • Secondary metabolites are produced during the stationary phase, often with ecological functions.
  • Examples include antibiotics, pesticides, pigments, and toxins.

Organic Acid Production

  • Organic acids like citric acid have industrial uses.
  • Citric acid can be a food additive, cosmetic ingredient, cleaning agent, and water softener.
  • Citric acid is traditionally and increasingly produced by fermentation.

Amino Acid Production

  • Glutamic acid production is commonly done via microbial fermentation.
  • It has taste-enhancing properties, and is used widely in food products.

Commercial Uses of Amino Acids

  • Amino acids are used in the food industry (flavor enhancers, antioxidants, sweeteners, animal feed).
  • They are also used in the pharmaceutical industry (medicines).
  • The chemical industry utilizes amino acids to produce compounds like pesticides, leather, and cosmetics.

Microbiological Methods of Production of Amino Acids

  • Direct fermentation
  • Conversion of inexpensive intermediate into more valuable products by biosynthesis
  • Continuous processes via enzyme or immobilized cell systems

Glutamic Acid

  • L-glutamic acid production is predominantly by microbial means.

Vitamins

  • Vitamins are essential micronutrients not synthesized by mammals.

Riboflavin

  • Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for growth and reproduction in humans.
  • It's used in animal feed and pharmaceuticals.

Secondary Metabolites (Antibiotics)

  • Secondary metabolites (antibiotics) produced by microorganisms have antimicrobial properties.
  • Common antibiotic producers include Actinomycetes (e.g., streptomycetes), Bacteria, and fungi.
  • Penicillin and other similar compounds are notable examples.

Bioconversion/Biotransformation

  • Biological processes that modify organic compounds through enzyme-catalyzed reactions
  • Often preferred over chemical transformations
  • Factors like specificity, temperature, and metal usage distinguish it.
  • Classified into oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, condensation and isomerization

Industrial Applications of Bioconversion/Biotransformation

  • Cortisone production by bioconverting progesterone.
  • Utilizing plant or animal waste to create usable products or energy sources.

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