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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a fermentation process where the primary goal is the production of microbial biomass?
Which of the following is an example of a fermentation process where the primary goal is the production of microbial biomass?
- Synthesis of citric acid by strains of _Aspergillus niger_.
- Production of penicillin using _Penicillium chrysogenum_.
- Production of ethanol using _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_.
- Cultivation of algae in open ponds for single-cell protein (SCP). (correct)
A pharmaceutical company is looking to produce a new batch of antibiotics using fermentation. According to established classifications, which type of metabolite are antibiotics generally considered?
A pharmaceutical company is looking to produce a new batch of antibiotics using fermentation. According to established classifications, which type of metabolite are antibiotics generally considered?
- Primary metabolites, produced during the growth phase.
- Recombinant metabolites, requiring genetic modification.
- Secondary metabolites, produced during the stationary phase. (correct)
- Biomass metabolites, derived directly from microbial cells.
A scientist is studying a bacterium that produces lactic acid during fermentation. In which phase of the bacterial growth curve is lactic acid most likely being produced?
A scientist is studying a bacterium that produces lactic acid during fermentation. In which phase of the bacterial growth curve is lactic acid most likely being produced?
- Decline phase, when cell death exceeds cell growth.
- Stationary phase, when cell growth has ceased.
- Growth phase, when cells are actively metabolizing and dividing. (correct)
- Lag phase, when cells are adapting to the environment.
In the context of fermentation, which process directly involves the modification of a substrate by microorganisms?
In the context of fermentation, which process directly involves the modification of a substrate by microorganisms?
A company is exploring the use of single-cell protein (SCP) as a sustainable food source. What is a key ecological advantage of producing SCP on a large scale?
A company is exploring the use of single-cell protein (SCP) as a sustainable food source. What is a key ecological advantage of producing SCP on a large scale?
Which of the following best describes why some microorganisms produce citric acid during fermentation?
Which of the following best describes why some microorganisms produce citric acid during fermentation?
Why are secondary metabolites typically NOT produced when glucose or other readily available carbon sources are present?
Why are secondary metabolites typically NOT produced when glucose or other readily available carbon sources are present?
A researcher is investigating a novel fermentation process that yields a high concentration of a specific amino acid. Which of the following genera of bacteria are known for their ability to produce amino acids during fermentation?
A researcher is investigating a novel fermentation process that yields a high concentration of a specific amino acid. Which of the following genera of bacteria are known for their ability to produce amino acids during fermentation?
During which phase of microbial growth are secondary metabolites typically produced in a fermentation process?
During which phase of microbial growth are secondary metabolites typically produced in a fermentation process?
Which of the following best describes the primary distinction in the recovery process between secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins?
Which of the following best describes the primary distinction in the recovery process between secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins?
How does the production of bacteriocins by bacteria such as Lactobacillus species contribute to their survival?
How does the production of bacteriocins by bacteria such as Lactobacillus species contribute to their survival?
In the production of recombinant proteins, what is the primary reason for manipulating the environment during fermentation?
In the production of recombinant proteins, what is the primary reason for manipulating the environment during fermentation?
Why are microbial enzymes often favored over enzymes from other sources for industrial applications?
Why are microbial enzymes often favored over enzymes from other sources for industrial applications?
What is the role of microbial enzymes in various stages of metabolism and biochemical reactions?
What is the role of microbial enzymes in various stages of metabolism and biochemical reactions?
Which cellular component is of primary interest when producing microbial enzymes?
Which cellular component is of primary interest when producing microbial enzymes?
What post-fermentation step is uniquely crucial in the production of recombinant proteins compared to secondary metabolites or microbial enzymes?
What post-fermentation step is uniquely crucial in the production of recombinant proteins compared to secondary metabolites or microbial enzymes?
Flashcards
Fermentation
Fermentation
Chemical transformation of substances by microorganisms.
Microbial Biomass
Microbial Biomass
Organic material produced during fermentation, like yeast or algae.
Primary Metabolites
Primary Metabolites
Compounds produced during the growth phase of microorganisms.
Secondary Metabolites
Secondary Metabolites
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Single Cell Protein (SCP)
Single Cell Protein (SCP)
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Biomass Production Examples
Biomass Production Examples
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Microbial Enzymes
Microbial Enzymes
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Recombinant Products
Recombinant Products
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Penicillin
Penicillin
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Bacteriocins
Bacteriocins
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Fungicides
Fungicides
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Recombinant Proteins
Recombinant Proteins
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Cell Lysis
Cell Lysis
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Commercial Applications of Enzymes
Commercial Applications of Enzymes
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Study Notes
Fermentation Processes
- Fermentation is the chemical transformation of organic substances into simpler compounds by microorganisms (bacteria, molds, yeasts).
- Five categories of fermentation processes exist:
- Producing microbial cells (biomass)
- Producing microbial metabolites
- Producing microbial enzymes
- Producing recombinant products
- Modifying substrates (transformation)
Biomass Production
- Microbial cells (biomass) are sometimes the desired product of fermentation.
- Examples include single-cell proteins (SCP), biofertilizers, yeast, and lactobacilli.
- Algae can be used to produce SCP in open ponds, utilizing photosynthesis.
- SCP (microbial proteins) are derived from algae, yeasts, fungi, or bacteria.
- They can be used as ingredients or substitutes for protein-rich foods and are suitable for human or animal consumption.
- SCP is often produced using agricultural waste and thus inherits the environmental impact of industrial agriculture.
Extracellular Metabolites
- Metabolites are divided into primary and secondary metabolites.
- Primary metabolites are produced during the growth phase of organisms. Examples include ethanol, citric acid, glutamic acid, lysine, vitamins, and polysaccharides.
- Secondary metabolites are produced during the stationary phase. Examples include penicillin, cyclosporin A, gibberellin, and lovastatin.
Primary Metabolites
- Produced during the growth phase.
- Examples are ethanol, citric acid, glutamic acid, lysine, vitamins, and polysaccharides.
- Made in the ordinary metabolism.
- Released directly into the surrounding medium or environment.
- No cell rupture needed for recovery.
Secondary Metabolites
- Produced in the stationary phase.
- Examples include penicillin, cyclosporin A, gibberellin, and lovastatin.
- Produced in the lack of glucose or other growth promoters.
- Released directly into the surrounding medium or environment.
- No cell rupture needed for recovery.
Microbial Enzymes
- Enzymes are bio-catalysts within microorganisms.
- Examples are catalase, amylase, protease, pectinase, cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, lactase, streptokinase etc.
- Important roles in metabolism and biochemical reaction.
- Certain enzymes are important for industry
Recombinant Proteins
- Recombinant proteins (insulin, hepatitis B vaccine, interferon, etc.) are produced via fermentation.
- Cells are typically ruptured (lysed) after fermentation to isolate the product.
- The environment needs to be manipulated to maximize the production amount and the product isolated and purified.
Biotransformation
- Biotransformation is the chemical alteration of substances (nutrients, drugs, toxins) in living organisms.
- Converted to a form suitable for excretion by the organism.
- Example: bioconversion of progesterone to 11-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone by Rhizopus nigricans, and conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol.
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Description
Explores the fermentation process, focusing on the transformation of organic substances by microorganisms. Covers five categories of fermentation, including biomass production. Details the use of microbial cells (biomass) for single-cell proteins (SCP), biofertilizers, yeast, and lactobacilli.
