Fermentation and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of symbiotic relationship is described between humans and the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli?

  • Commensalism
  • Antagonism
  • Mutualism (correct)
  • Parasitism

    • Which of the following is NOT typically considered part of a person's indigenous microflora?

  • Fungi
  • Blood (correct)
  • Protozoa
  • Bacteria

    • What is the typical range of different species that make up a person's indigenous microflora?

  • 500 to 1,000 species (correct)
  • 300 to 500 species
  • 100 to 300 species
  • 50 to 100 species

    • Which of the following is the most common type of microorganism found in the microflora of the skin?

    <p>Staphylococcus spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe microorganisms that take up temporary residence on or within humans?

    <p>Transient microflora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of the destruction of a person's resident microflora?

    <p>Disruption of the delicate balance between host and microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the colon environment?

    <p>Anaerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit that humans derive from their indigenous microflora?

    <p>Production of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best definition of a contagious disease?

    <p>A disease that is easily transmitted from person-to-person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of microbes preventing the establishment of other microbes?

    <p>Microbial antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct definition of the incidence of a disease?

    <p>The number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specific time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a mechanism used by indigenous microflora to prevent the establishment of other microbes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between point prevalence and period prevalence?

    <p>Point prevalence is the number of cases at a particular moment, while period prevalence is the number of cases over a time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms are classified as opportunistic pathogens according to the text?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best definition of a zoonotic disease?

    <p>A disease that humans acquire from animal sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an endemic disease and a sporadic disease?

    <p>An endemic disease is always present in a population, while a sporadic disease only occurs occasionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best definition of the morbidity rate of a disease?

    <p>The number of new cases of a disease per a defined population during a specific time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mission of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?

    <p>To collaborate and provide expertise, information, and tools for protecting public health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a measure for the prevention and control of epidemics mentioned in the text?

    <p>Implementing travel restrictions to prevent the spread of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between biological warfare (BW) agents and bioterrorism agents?

    <p>BW agents are used in wartime, while bioterrorism agents are used in non-wartime situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a nationally notifiable disease that must be reported to the CDC?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym MMWR stand for?

    <p>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infectious diseases has the CDC successfully eradicated?

    <p>Smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fermentation reactions?

    <p>To produce very little energy in the form of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between oxidation and reduction reactions?

    <p>Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for anabolic reactions?

    <p>Catabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

    <p>Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to its physical traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a plasmid in bacterial genetics?

    <p>It is an extrachromosomal DNA molecule that can carry new genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which bacteria acquire new genetic information through viral infection?

    <p>Lysogenic conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a beneficial mutation and a silent mutation?

    <p>A beneficial mutation is a change in the DNA that is advantageous, while a silent mutation has no effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used for inserting genes into cells in gene therapy?

    <p>Viral delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects microbial growth in vitro?

    <p>Availability of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To transfer eukaryotic genes, particularly human genes, into easily cultured cells to manufacture important gene products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Reactions

    • Fermentation reactions produce little energy (~ 2 ATP molecules)
    • Oxidation-reduction reactions: paired reactions where electrons are transferred from one compound to another
      • Oxidation: loss of one or more electrons by a molecule
      • Reduction: gain of one or more electrons by a molecule
    • Dehydrogenation reactions: many biological oxidations involve the removal of hydrogen ions and electrons
    • Anabolic reactions: require energy to form chemical bonds, often obtained through catabolic reactions
    • Photosynthetic reactions: trap light energy and convert it into chemical bond energy in ATP and carbohydrates (e.g., glucose)

    Genetics

    • Genetics: the study of heredity
    • Genotype: an organism's complete collection of genes
    • Phenotype: an organism's physical traits resulting from its genotype
    • Genes: direct all cellular functions and are made up of specific segments of chromosomes
    • Mutation: a change in a DNA molecule that is transmissible to offspring
    • Ways bacteria acquire new genetic information:
      • Lysogenic conversion
      • Transduction
      • Transformation
      • Conjugation

    Lysogenic Conversion

    • Temperate phages (lysogenic phages) inject their DNA into bacterial cells
    • Phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome, but does not cause the lytic cycle
    • Prophage: phage DNA that remains in the bacterial cell
    • Lysogenic cell: the bacterial cell containing the prophage

    Transduction

    • Involves bacteriophages carrying bacterial genetic material from one cell to another
    • Only small amounts of genetic material are transferred
    • Differs from lysogenic conversion, which involves viral genes

    Transformation

    • A bacterial cell becomes genetically transformed following the uptake of DNA fragments ("naked DNA") from its environment
    • Competence: the ability to absorb naked DNA into the cell
    • Only occurs in certain bacteria

    Conjugation

    • Involves the transfer of genetic material (usually a plasmid) from a donor cell to a recipient cell through a specialized type of pilus (sex pilus)
    • Plasmids: extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can exist independently or integrate into the chromosome
    • Resistance factors (R-factors): plasmids containing multiple genes for antibiotic resistance

    Genetic Engineering

    • Involves techniques to transfer eukaryotic genes (e.g., human genes) into easily cultured cells to manufacture important gene products (e.g., proteins)
    • Plasmids are frequently used as vehicles for inserting genes into cells

    Microbial Growth

    • Availability of nutrients affects microbial growth
    • Symbiotic relationships:
      • Mutualism: beneficial to both organisms (e.g., lichens, human-E. coli relationship)
      • Parasitism: beneficial to one organism (the parasite) and detrimental to the other (the host)
    • Indigenous microflora: the microorganisms naturally present on and within humans
    • Transient microflora: microorganisms that take up temporary residence on and within humans

    Epidemiologic Terminology

    • Communicable disease: an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another
    • Contagious disease: a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from person-to-person
    • Incidence: the number of new cases of a disease in a defined population during a specific time period
    • Morbidity rate: the number of new cases of a disease per a specifically defined population
    • Prevalence: the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population during a specific time period
    • Sporadic disease: a disease that occurs only occasionally within a population
    • Endemic disease: a disease that is always present within a population

    Beneficial and Harmful Roles of Indigenous Microflora

    • Humans derive many benefits from their indigenous microflora (e.g., vitamins K and B12)
    • Microbial antagonism: many members of the indigenous microflora prevent other microbes from becoming established
    • Opportunistic pathogens: microorganisms that "hang around" waiting for the opportunity to cause infection

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    Description

    Learn about fermentation reactions, catabolism, and oxidation-reduction reactions. Understand how organisms like yeasts produce ethanol through fermentation and the principles of oxidation and reduction in redox reactions.

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