Biology: Fermentation Reactions Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Anaerobic means?

no oxygen is required for the process to occur

Aerobic means?

oxygen is required for the process to occur

How do organisms generate energy when oxygen is not available?

In the absence of oxygen, fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP

Where does fermentation occur?

in the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which energy can be released from food molecules in the absence of oxygen?

fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Yeast is an example of something that carries out what type of fermentation?

alcoholic Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical equation for alcoholic fermentation?

2 pyruvate + 2NADH → 2 ethyl alcohol + 2CO₂ + 2NAD⁺ Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid?

lactic acid fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation?

2 pyruvate + 2NADH → 2 lactic acid + 2NAD⁺ Signup and view all the answers

How does the body produce ATP during different stages of exercise?

For short, quick bursts of energy, the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermentation; for longer exercise, cellular respiration is the only process to continually produce ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which process releases energy more slowly?

Cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What process begins all reactions?

glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is glycolysis?

the process in which glucose is oxidized (reduced) to pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Signup and view all the answers

NADH is oxidized to form?

NAD⁺ Signup and view all the answers

Body stores energy in the form of the carbohydrate?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Under anaerobic conditions, fermentation follows?

glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of alcoholic fermentation produce?

Ethyl alcohol & carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Lactic acid fermentation can supply enough ATP to last?

About 90 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Intense exercise lasting longer than 90 seconds requires?

Cellular respiration; ATP Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP are needed in lactic acid fermentation?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP are produced?

none Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of fermentation?

Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcoholic Fermentation Signup and view all the answers

How do the two types of fermentation differ?

Lactic Acid fermentation produces lactic acid, and alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol and carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fermentation is carried out in the human body?

Lactic Acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fermentation?

To release to the cell energy that was stored in glucose. Signup and view all the answers

How are the products of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation the same?

NAD⁺ is produced in both equations Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common uses of alcoholic fermentation?

alcoholic beverage and yeast rising in bread Signup and view all the answers

What reactants and products do the 2 types of fermentation have in common?

They both use pyruvic acid and NADH (reactants) to make NAD⁺ (product) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fermentation Overview

Fermentation occurs anaerobically, meaning it does not require oxygen.
It releases energy from food molecules and produces ATP when oxygen is unavailable.
The process takes place in the cytoplasm of cells.

Types of Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation:
- Yeast carries out this type of fermentation.
- Chemical equation: 2 pyruvate + 2NADH → 2 ethyl alcohol + 2CO₂ + 2NAD⁺
- Produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
- Involves the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid.
- Chemical equation: 2 pyruvate + 2NADH → 2 lactic acid + 2NAD⁺
- Occurs in muscles during intense exercise.

Energy Production During Exercise

For short bursts of energy, the body utilizes existing ATP and ATP generated via lactic acid fermentation.
For prolonged exercise, cellular respiration becomes essential for continuous ATP production.
Lactic acid fermentation can sustain ATP production for about 90 seconds, after which extra oxygen is needed to eliminate lactic acid.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis initiates both types of fermentation.
It is the process where glucose is converted to pyruvate.
Requires 2 ATP to start and generates ATP via subsequent reactions.

Energy Storage

Glycogen serves as the body’s energy reserve, sustaining activity for 15-20 minutes.

Comparative Aspects of Fermentation

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation produce NAD⁺ as a common product.
Neither lactic acid nor alcoholic fermentation generates ATP, but they regenerate NAD⁺ for glycolysis.
Main applications of alcoholic fermentation include producing alcoholic beverages and allowing bread to rise.

Key Differences and Similarities

Lactic acid fermentation generates lactic acid, while alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol and carbon dioxide.
The two types of fermentation share common reactants: pyruvic acid and NADH, leading to NAD⁺ as a product.

Purpose of Fermentation

The primary goal of fermentation is to release energy stored in glucose for cellular use.

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Description

Test your knowledge of fermentation reactions with these flashcards. Explore key concepts like aerobic and anaerobic processes, as well as how organisms generate energy without oxygen. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of metabolic pathways.