Fenomenología de Husserl

Study Notes

Husserl's phenomenology is a philosophical method that focuses on the structures of conscious experience.
It aims to describe the essential features of consciousness, rather than explain it causally.
Husserl sought to develop a rigorous method for philosophical investigation, moving beyond the limitations of psychology and other sciences.
Key concept: "The phenomenological reduction" - bracketing out pre-conceived notions and assumptions to access the meaning structures of objects as they appear in consciousness.
Husserl believed that phenomenology could lead to a foundation for other disciplines, including ethics, aesthetics, and metaphysics, by systematically exploring the necessary and sufficient conditions of things as they appear.
Husserl's work emphasized intuition and description as primary methods of investigating experience. Intuition of essences was paramount.
He stressed the importance of bracketing out pre-conceived notions and assumptions (époche) to access the pure, uninterpreted data of consciousness.
To understand the essence of something, one must identify the necessary and sufficient conditions for something to be that thing.
Husserl believed that meaning is fundamentally linked to consciousness.

Merleau-Ponty was a French philosopher who developed a phenomenological approach that emphasized the embodied and situated nature of consciousness.
He rejected the Cartesian dualism of mind and body, asserting that the mind and body are inextricably linked in the experience of the world.
Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology stressed the importance of the lived experience of the body in understanding the world.
His work highlighted the role of the body as a mediator between the individual and the world, demonstrating the importance of perceiving the world through our physical engagement with it.
Unlike Husserl, who focused on bracketing out the world, Merleau-Ponty emphasized the crucial role of the body in shaping our experience.
Merleau-Ponty emphasized the importance of perception as a constructive activity, with the emphasis on the significance of our bodily engagement with the world.
He connected phenomenology with the analysis of perception, emphasizing the role of the body in the formation of lived experience.
Merleau-Ponty explored the theme of intersubjectivity, suggesting that understanding the self is intrinsically linked to understanding others. He connected this directly to the role of language and embodiment.
His key works addressed perception, embodiment, and the nature of the human being in the world.

Both Husserl and Merleau-Ponty were key figures in the development of phenomenology.
Husserl focused on the structures of consciousness as a means of determining the essences of things, focusing on the pure realm of consciousness removed from the world.
Merleau-Ponty, influenced by Husserl, developed an approach which considered the body as integral to the understanding of experience and emphasized the lived world's importance.
While Husserl emphasized pure consciousness, Merleau-Ponty emphasized the body's engagement with the world as constitutive of conscious experience.
Their approaches to phenomenology differ significantly in terms of their emphasis on the roles of the body and the world in human experience.

Phenomenological analysis aims at describing rather than explaining or evaluating.
It involves identifying the essences of things and situations.
Emphasis is placed on the descriptions of lived experience, emphasizing the richness and detail of such experiences.
The aim is to describe the experience as it is lived by the individual, rather than speculating on possible causal explanations or imposing pre-conceived judgments on it.
Emphasizes rigorous description and systematic analysis of a subject.
The aim is a grasp of the essence or core meaning of the phenomenon studied.
The researcher should avoid making assumptions about the phenomenon.
The phenomenologist works toward the discovery of essential structures of experience.
Techniques that may be used include interviews, analyzing texts, exploring personal narratives, and careful observation of phenomena.