Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the ovaries?
What is the primary function of the ovaries?
- Secretion of insulin
- Regulation of blood pressure
- Production of ova (correct)
- Production of testosterone
Which hormone is primarily responsible for follicle growth during the follicular phase?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for follicle growth during the follicular phase?
- Progesterone
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Estrogen
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (correct)
What occurs on approximately the 14th day of the ovarian cycle?
What occurs on approximately the 14th day of the ovarian cycle?
- Corpus luteum forms
- Follicle development completes
- Ovulation occurs (correct)
- Menstruation begins
What is the duration of the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?
What is the duration of the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?
During which phase does the endometrium regenerate?
During which phase does the endometrium regenerate?
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
How long does the bleeding phase typically last?
How long does the bleeding phase typically last?
What is the primary hormone secreted by the corpus luteum?
What is the primary hormone secreted by the corpus luteum?
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?
Which hormones are produced by the pituitary gland in males and females?
Which hormones are produced by the pituitary gland in males and females?
Where do sperm cells undergo the process of spermatogenesis?
Where do sperm cells undergo the process of spermatogenesis?
Which structure is primarily responsible for producing FSH?
Which structure is primarily responsible for producing FSH?
What happens to the endometrium in preparation for implantation?
What happens to the endometrium in preparation for implantation?
What is the function of the vas deferens?
What is the function of the vas deferens?
The corpus albicans is formed during which phase?
The corpus albicans is formed during which phase?
What is the primary function of the female reproductive system during puberty?
What is the primary function of the female reproductive system during puberty?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regeneration of the endometrium after the menstrual phase?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regeneration of the endometrium after the menstrual phase?
What is the approximate average duration of the female menstrual cycle?
What is the approximate average duration of the female menstrual cycle?
What occurs during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
What occurs during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
Which part of the ovary contains the ovarian follicles?
Which part of the ovary contains the ovarian follicles?
What role do the testes perform in the male reproductive system?
What role do the testes perform in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?
What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?
Where are sperm cells produced in the male reproductive system?
Where are sperm cells produced in the male reproductive system?
Which hormone is necessary for the process of spermatogenesis?
Which hormone is necessary for the process of spermatogenesis?
What role do accessory glands play in the male reproductive system?
What role do accessory glands play in the male reproductive system?
What physiological changes occur in the endometrium during preparation for implantation?
What physiological changes occur in the endometrium during preparation for implantation?
Which of the following hormones is produced by the pituitary gland?
Which of the following hormones is produced by the pituitary gland?
What happens to the corpus albicans if there is no pregnancy?
What happens to the corpus albicans if there is no pregnancy?
What is the function of the ovaries?
What is the function of the ovaries?
Which phase of the ovarian cycle directly follows ovulation?
Which phase of the ovarian cycle directly follows ovulation?
How many ovarian follicles are approximately present in the cortex of the ovaries?
How many ovarian follicles are approximately present in the cortex of the ovaries?
What initiates the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle?
What initiates the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle?
Which structure degenerates to form the corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur?
Which structure degenerates to form the corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur?
During which phase does the shedding of the endometrium occur?
During which phase does the shedding of the endometrium occur?
What hormone is involved in the growth of follicles during the follicular phase?
What hormone is involved in the growth of follicles during the follicular phase?
What is the approximate average duration of the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?
What is the approximate average duration of the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?
What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?
Which hormone stimulates sperm production in males?
Which hormone stimulates sperm production in males?
What structure within the testes is responsible for the production of sperm cells?
What structure within the testes is responsible for the production of sperm cells?
What does testosterone influence in males aside from spermatogenesis?
What does testosterone influence in males aside from spermatogenesis?
During which phase is the corpus albicans formed?
During which phase is the corpus albicans formed?
What are Leydig cells primarily responsible for in the testis?
What are Leydig cells primarily responsible for in the testis?
What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the male reproductive system?
What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the male reproductive system?
Where are hormones FSH and LH produced?
Where are hormones FSH and LH produced?
What is the primary role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
What characterizes the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?
What characterizes the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?
Which phase directly follows the menstrual phase in the uterine cycle?
Which phase directly follows the menstrual phase in the uterine cycle?
During which phase does the corpus luteum secrete estrogen and progesterone?
During which phase does the corpus luteum secrete estrogen and progesterone?
How often does an ovum get discharged from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle?
How often does an ovum get discharged from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle?
What initiates the growth of ovarian follicles during the follicular phase?
What initiates the growth of ovarian follicles during the follicular phase?
What occurs to the endometrium during the menstrual phase?
What occurs to the endometrium during the menstrual phase?
What happens to the graafian follicle during ovulation?
What happens to the graafian follicle during ovulation?
What is the primary role of the testicles in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary role of the testicles in the male reproductive system?
Which hormone stimulates the production of testosterone in males?
Which hormone stimulates the production of testosterone in males?
What process occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes?
What process occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes?
Which gland is responsible for producing FSH and LH?
Which gland is responsible for producing FSH and LH?
What role does testosterone play in the male body aside from sperm production?
What role does testosterone play in the male body aside from sperm production?
What is the main function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
What is the main function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
What is formed from ruptured empty follicles after ovulation in females?
What is formed from ruptured empty follicles after ovulation in females?
What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the male reproductive system?
What is the main role of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What is the main role of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What triggers the expulsion of the ovum from the graafian follicle?
What triggers the expulsion of the ovum from the graafian follicle?
During which phase does the endometrium shed?
During which phase does the endometrium shed?
What phase starts after the menstrual bleeding has ended?
What phase starts after the menstrual bleeding has ended?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What is the average length of a female menstrual cycle?
What is the average length of a female menstrual cycle?
Which component of the ovaries contains ovarian follicles?
Which component of the ovaries contains ovarian follicles?
During which phase is the damaged endometrium regenerated?
During which phase is the damaged endometrium regenerated?
What role does testosterone play in male reproductive health?
What role does testosterone play in male reproductive health?
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles within the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles within the male reproductive system?
Where does spermatogenesis occur within the male reproductive system?
Where does spermatogenesis occur within the male reproductive system?
Which hormones directly stimulate spermatogenesis?
Which hormones directly stimulate spermatogenesis?
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary role of LH in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary role of LH in the male reproductive system?
Which of the following organs is responsible for producing sperm?
Which of the following organs is responsible for producing sperm?
What is produced by the pituitary gland to regulate male reproductive function?
What is produced by the pituitary gland to regulate male reproductive function?
What initiates the growth of follicles during the ovarian cycle?
What initiates the growth of follicles during the ovarian cycle?
What phase directly follows the secretion of hormones by the corpus luteum?
What phase directly follows the secretion of hormones by the corpus luteum?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle is the graafian follicle present?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle is the graafian follicle present?
What is the primary function of estrogen during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
What is the primary function of estrogen during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels prior to the menstrual phase?
What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels prior to the menstrual phase?
What occurs approximately on the 6th day of the ovarian cycle?
What occurs approximately on the 6th day of the ovarian cycle?
What is formed when the corpus luteum degenerates?
What is formed when the corpus luteum degenerates?
What is the approximate duration of the ovarian cycle in most women?
What is the approximate duration of the ovarian cycle in most women?
What is the primary role of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary role of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Which hormone stimulates the release of testosterone in males?
Which hormone stimulates the release of testosterone in males?
Which organ is responsible for producing sperm cells?
Which organ is responsible for producing sperm cells?
What structure is formed when the corpus luteum degenerates in the absence of pregnancy?
What structure is formed when the corpus luteum degenerates in the absence of pregnancy?
What role do Leydig cells play in the male reproductive system?
What role do Leydig cells play in the male reproductive system?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does thickening of the endometrium primarily occur?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does thickening of the endometrium primarily occur?
Which gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?
Which gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?
What is the primary function of the testes beyond hormone production?
What is the primary function of the testes beyond hormone production?
What initiates the degeneration of the corpus luteum?
What initiates the degeneration of the corpus luteum?
What is the role of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What is the role of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
During which phase do follicles begin to grow under follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) influence?
During which phase do follicles begin to grow under follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) influence?
How long does the luteal phase last?
How long does the luteal phase last?
Which structure forms from the ruptured empty follicle post-ovulation?
Which structure forms from the ruptured empty follicle post-ovulation?
What characterizes the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
What characterizes the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
What occurs on approximately the 14th day of the ovarian cycle?
What occurs on approximately the 14th day of the ovarian cycle?
Which phase directly follows ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
Which phase directly follows ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
Which hormone produced by the pituitary gland is essential for sperm production?
Which hormone produced by the pituitary gland is essential for sperm production?
What is the main function of the testes?
What is the main function of the testes?
What occurs in the endometrium to prepare for implantation?
What occurs in the endometrium to prepare for implantation?
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) primarily stimulate in the male reproductive system?
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) primarily stimulate in the male reproductive system?
Which structures in the male reproductive system are responsible for transporting sperm?
Which structures in the male reproductive system are responsible for transporting sperm?
What is the primary role of testosterone in males?
What is the primary role of testosterone in males?
Which structure is responsible for the actual production of sperm cells?
Which structure is responsible for the actual production of sperm cells?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle is a fertilized ovum most likely to implant in the endometrium?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle is a fertilized ovum most likely to implant in the endometrium?
What occurs during the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle?
What occurs during the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle?
What is the primary role of the corpus luteum?
What is the primary role of the corpus luteum?
When does the menstrual bleeding phase typically occur?
When does the menstrual bleeding phase typically occur?
What is the average cycle duration for the female menstrual cycle?
What is the average cycle duration for the female menstrual cycle?
Which phase follows the follicular phase in the ovarian cycle?
Which phase follows the follicular phase in the ovarian cycle?
Which hormones are responsible for the ovarian cycle changes?
Which hormones are responsible for the ovarian cycle changes?
What is the function of the ovaries during the reproductive cycle?
What is the function of the ovaries during the reproductive cycle?
What happens to the ovarian follicles during the ovarian cycle?
What happens to the ovarian follicles during the ovarian cycle?
What is the function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
Which hormone stimulates the production of testosterone in males?
Which hormone stimulates the production of testosterone in males?
What is the primary role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
What role does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) play in the male reproductive system?
What role does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) play in the male reproductive system?
Which structure in the male reproductive system is primarily responsible for storing sperm?
Which structure in the male reproductive system is primarily responsible for storing sperm?
What physiological change occurs in the endometrium in preparation for implantation?
What physiological change occurs in the endometrium in preparation for implantation?
What are Leydig cells primarily responsible for in the male reproductive system?
What are Leydig cells primarily responsible for in the male reproductive system?
During which phase does spermatogenesis primarily occur?
During which phase does spermatogenesis primarily occur?
Study Notes
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries produce ova and hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin.
- Ovaries have a cortex containing ovarian follicles and a medulla with connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
- Ovarian Cycle
- Follicular Phase: Follicles grow under FSH influence, with one follicle becoming dominant and forming the Graafian follicle.
- Ovulation Phase: LH surge triggers expulsion of the ovum from the Graafian follicle.
- Luteal Phase: Ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum, secreting estrogen and progesterone for 14 days. The corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans if pregnancy doesn't occur.
Uterine Cycle
- Bleeding Phase: Endometrium sheds due to decreasing estrogen and progesterone levels.
- Proliferative Phase: Damaged endometrium regenerates under estrogen influence.
- Secretory Phase: Endometrium thickens and becomes vascularized, ready for implantation.
Male Reproductive System
- Testis functions include testosterone production and sperm production through spermatogenesis.
- Seminiferous Tubules within the testes are responsible for sperm cell production.
- FSH stimulates spermatogenesis, while LH stimulates testosterone production.
- Testosterone is involved in male characteristics like muscle mass, fat distribution, bone mass, and sex drive.
Key Facts
- Menopause: The end of ovarian function.
- Puberty: The start of ovarian function.
- Corpus albicans forms at the end of the luteal phase if pregnancy doesn't occur.
- Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production in the seminiferous tubules within the testes.
- Leydig cells produce testosterone.
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries: Produce ova (eggs) and hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin.
- Accessory Sex Organs: Vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes.
- Ovarian Structure: Composed of cortex (containing follicles) and medulla (with connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves).
- Ovarian Function: Starts at puberty and ends at menopause. One ovum is released approximately every month between these periods.
Sex Cycles in Females
- Regular cyclic changes occurring in the adult female reproductive system.
- Start at puberty and continue till menopause.
- Average cycle length is 28 days, but varies between women.
Ovarian Cycle
- Follicular Phase:
- Begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation.
- Follicles grow under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
- One follicle becomes the Graafian follicle around day 6.
- Ovulation Phase:
- Release of the ovum from the Graafian follicle.
- Occurs in the midcycle, usually on day 14.
- Triggered by a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH).
- Luteal Phase:
- Ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum.
- Lasts 14 days.
- Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone under LH influence.
- Continues to grow if pregnancy occurs but degenerates into the corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur.
Uterine Cycle
- Bleeding (Menstrual) Phase:
- Lasts 3-5 days.
- Corpus luteum degenerates, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, leading to shedding of the endometrium.
- Proliferative Phase:
- Begins after menstruation.
- Damaged endometrium regenerates under estrogen from the Graafian follicle.
- Secretory Phase:
- Starts after ovulation.
- Endometrium thickens, vascularizes, and its glands secrete fluid in preparation for implantation.
Male Reproductive System
- Organs produce, maintain, and transport sperm and semen.
- Discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract.
- Produce and secrete male sex hormones.
- Includes internal and external genitals:
- Testes: Produce testosterone and sperm.
- Duct System: Epididymis and vas deferens.
- Accessory Glands: Seminal vesicles and prostate gland.
- Penis:
Male Reproductive System Function
- Hormones involved: FSH, LH, and testosterone.
- FSH (from pituitary gland) is essential for sperm production (spermatogenesis).
- LH (from pituitary gland) stimulates testosterone production, which is necessary for spermatogenesis and development of male characteristics.
Testicles (Testes)
- Oval organs located in the scrotum.
- Contain seminiferous tubules, responsible for sperm production (spermatogenesis).
Discussion Questions
- Follicular Phase Changes: Describe physiological changes in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.
- Corpus Albicans Formation: The corpus albicans forms at the end of the luteal phase without pregnancy.
- Testis Function: The testis is responsible for secreting testosterone.
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries:
- Produce ova (eggs)
- Secrete hormones: estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin
- Accessory Sex Organs:
- Vagina: Connects the uterus to the external environment
- Uterus: Muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops
- Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes): Connect the ovaries to the uterus, site of fertilization
- Structure of Ovaries:
- Composed of cortex (contains ovarian follicles, about 300,000) and medulla (connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves)
- Ovarian functions start at puberty and cease at menopause
- One ovum is released from the ovary approximately every month
Sex Cycles in Females
- Regular cyclic changes in the female reproductive system
- Start at puberty and continue until menopause
- Cycle duration varies, average is 28 days
Ovarian Cycle
- Follicular Phase:
- Starts on the first day of menstruation, ends with ovulation
- Follicles grow under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- One follicle rapidly grows into a Graafian follicle around the 6th day of the cycle
- Ovulation Phase:
- Expulsion of the ovum from the Graafian follicle
- Occurs midcycle, usually on the 14th day
- Rupture of the Graafian follicle triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Luteal Phase:
- Ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum
- Constant 14-day duration
- Corpus luteum, under LH influence, secretes estrogen and progesterone for 10 days, reaching maturity on the 24th day
- If pregnancy occurs, it continues to grow; if not, it degenerates into corpus albicans
Uterine Cycle
- Bleeding Phase (Menstrual Phase):
- 3-5 days in length
- Degeneration of the previous cycle's corpus luteum on day 24 leads to estrogen and progesterone decrease, resulting in shedding of the endometrium
- Proliferative Phase:
- Follows the menstrual phase
- Damaged endometrium regenerates under the influence of estrogen from the Graafian follicle
- Secretory Phase:
- Starts after ovulation
- Endometrium thickens further, becoming vascularized and ready for implantation of a fertilized ovum
- Endometrial glands secrete a clear fluid
Male Reproductive System
- Functions:
- Production, maintenance, and transport of sperm and semen
- Discharge of sperm into the female reproductive tract
- Production and secretion of male sex hormones
- Organs:
- Testicles (Testes): Produce testosterone and sperm
- Duct System: Epididymis and vas deferens, transport sperm
- Accessory Glands: Seminal vesicles and prostate gland, produce fluids for semen
- Penis: External organ for sexual intercourse
- Hormones:
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Produced by the pituitary gland, necessary for spermatogenesis
- Luteinizing hormone (LH): Produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates testosterone production
- Testosterone: Primary male sex hormone, produced by the testicles, responsible for male characteristics (muscle mass, fat distribution, bone mass, and sex drive)
Testis (Testes)
- Oval organs located in the scrotum to maintain a cooler temperature
- Responsible for testosterone production and spermatogenesis
- Contain seminiferous tubules: Coiled tubes where sperm cells are produced through spermatogenesis
Questions and Answers
- Physiological changes in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle:
- Growth of ovarian follicles under the influence of FSH
- One follicle rapidly develops into a Graafian follicle
- Corpus albicans formation occurs:
- At the end of the luteal phase without pregnancy.
- Testis function:
- Secretion of testosterone.
- Formation of sperms from Leydig cells.
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries:
- Produce ova
- Endocrine functions: estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin.
- Vagina: Part of the accessory sex organs in the female reproductive system.
- Uterus: Part of the accessory sex organs in the female reproductive system.
- Fallopian Tubes: Part of the accessory sex organs in the female reproductive system.
- Ovarian Structure:
- Cortex: Contains approximately 300,000 ovarian follicles.
- Medulla: Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
- Ovarian Cycle:
- Follicular Phase:
- Starts on the first day of menstruation, ends with ovulation.
- Duration varies.
- Follicles grow under the influence of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
- One follicle rapidly develops into a Graafian follicle around day 6.
- Ovulation Phase:
- Expulsion of ovum from Graafian follicle.
- Occurs in the midcycle (usually day 14).
- Triggered by a surge of Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
- Luteal Phase:
- Ruptured Graafian follicle becomes the corpus luteum.
- Duration is constant at 14 days.
- Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone under LH influence for 10 days, reaching peak maturation around day 24.
- If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to grow; if not, it degenerates into the corpus albicans.
- Follicular Phase:
Uterine Cycle
- Menstrual Phase (Bleeding Phase):
- Lasts 3-5 days.
- Corpus luteum from the previous cycle degenerates on day 24.
- Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, leading to shedding of the endometrium.
- Proliferative Phase:
- Starts after menstruation ends.
- Damaged endometrium is regenerated under the influence of estrogen from the Graafian follicle.
- Secretory Phase:
- Starts after ovulation.
- Endometrium thickens further, preparing for fertilized ovum implantation.
- Endometrium becomes more vascularized.
- Endometrial glands secrete clear fluid.
Male Reproductive System
- Functions:
- Produce, maintain, and transport sperm and semen.
- Discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract.
- Produce and secrete male sex hormones.
- Organs:
- Testicles (Testes): Produce testosterone and sperm.
- Duct System: Epididymis and vas deferens.
- Accessory Glands: Seminal vesicles and prostate gland.
- Penis: External organ.
- Hormones:
- FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone): Produced by the pituitary gland, essential for sperm production.
- LH (Luteinizing Hormone): Produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates testosterone production.
- Testosterone: Produced by the testes, essential for spermatogenesis and development of male characteristics.
- Testicles (Testes):
- Oval organs housed in the scrotum for temperature regulation.
- Contain seminiferous tubules responsible for sperm production through spermatogenesis.
Questions and Answers
- Physiological changes in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle:
- Follicles grow under FSH influence.
- One follicle develops into a Graafian follicle.
- The corpus albicans is formed:
- At the end of the luteal phase without pregnancy.
- The testis is responsible for:
- Secretion of testosterone.
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries: Produce ova (eggs) and hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin.
- Accessory Sex Organs: Include the vagina, uterus, and two uterine tubes (fallopian tubes).
- Ovarian Structure: Composed of cortex (containing follicles) and medulla (containing connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves).
- Ovarian Functions: Begin at puberty and end at menopause, with one ovum released approximately every month.
Sex Cycles in Females
- Regular Cyclic Changes: Occur in the adult female reproductive system, starting at puberty and continuing until menopause.
- Cycle Duration: Varies between women, averaging around 28 days.
Ovarian Cycle
- Follicular Phase: Begins on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation. Follicles grow under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). One follicle rapidly develops into a Graafian follicle.
- Ovulation Phase: Ovum expulsion from the Graafian follicle occurs mid-cycle (usually day 14) due to a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH).
- Luteal Phase: The ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum. This phase lasts 14 days. The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone for 10 days, reaching full maturation around day 24. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to grow. If not, it degenerates into the corpus albicans.
Uterine Cycle
- Bleeding Phase (Menstrual Phase): Lasts 3-5 days. Corpus luteum degeneration leads to decreased estrogen and progesterone, causing shedding of the endometrium.
- Proliferative Phase: Begins after menstruation. The damaged endometrium regenerates under the influence of estrogen from the Graafian follicle.
- Secretory Phase: Starts after ovulation. Further endometrium thickening occurs, making it ready for implantation of a fertilized ovum. The endometrium becomes vascularized, and endometrial glands secrete a clear fluid.
Male Reproductive System
- Key Role: Produce, maintain, and transport sperm and semen, discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract, and produce male sex hormones.
- Genitals: Include testicles, duct system (epididymis and vas deferens), accessory glands (seminal vesicles and prostate gland), and penis.
Male Reproductive Hormones
- Primary Hormones: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone.
- FSH and LH: Produced by the pituitary gland, responsible for sperm production (spermatogenesis) and testosterone production.
- Testosterone: Necessary for continued spermatogenesis and development of male characteristics (e.g., muscle mass, fat distribution, bone mass, and sex drive).
Testicles (Testes)
- Function: Produce testosterone and sperm.
- Location: Located in the scrotum to maintain a cooler temperature.
- Seminiferous Tubules: Coiled tubes within the testes responsible for sperm production through spermatogenesis.
Study Questions Answers
- 1. Follicular Phase Changes: Follicle growth under FSH, one follicle becoming the Graafian follicle.
- 2. Corpus Albicans Formation: At the end of the luteal phase without pregnancy (option c).
- 3. Testis Function: Secretion of testosterone (option c).
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries: Produce ova (eggs) and hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin.
- Accessory Sex Organs: Include the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes.
- Ovary Structure: Consists of a cortex containing follicles (around 300,000) and a medulla containing connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
- Ovarian Cycle: A monthly series of events starting at puberty and ending at menopause, involving the release of one ovum.
- Follicular Phase: Starts with menstruation and ends with ovulation, lasts variable duration. FSH stimulates follicle growth. A dominant follicle (Graafian follicle) forms by around day 6.
- Ovulation Phase: Release of the ovum from the Graafian follicle, usually around day 14. Triggered by a surge of LH.
- Luteal Phase: Duration is always 14 days. Corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle, secreting estrogen and progesterone for 10 days (reaching peak around day 24) under LH influence. Degenerates to corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur.
- Uterine Cycle: Cyclic changes in the endometrium lining of the uterus.
- Bleeding/Menstrual Phase: Lasts 3-5 days. Occurs due to estrogen and progesterone decline from corpus luteum degeneration, leading to endometrial shedding.
- Proliferative Phase: Follows menstruation. Estrogen from the Graafian follicle stimulates the growth of a new endometrium.
- Secretory Phase: Starts after ovulation. Further thickening of the endometrium in preparation for implantation. Endometrium becomes vascularized, and its glands secrete fluid.
Male Reproductive System
- Function: Responsible for producing, maintaining, and transporting sperm and semen; discharging sperm into the female reproductive tract; producing and secreting male sex hormones.
- Organs: Include the testicles, duct system (epididymis and vas deferens), accessory glands (seminal vesicles and prostate gland), and the penis.
- Hormonal Regulation: Primarily controlled by FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), and testosterone.
- FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland.
- FSH is essential for sperm production (spermatogenesis).
- LH stimulates testosterone production, which is crucial for maintaining spermatogenesis and developing male characteristics like muscle mass, fat distribution, bone mass, and sex drive.
- Testicles (Testes): Oval organs located in the scrotum for temperature regulation. Produce testosterone and sperm. Contain seminiferous tubules responsible for sperm production via spermatogenesis.
Review Questions
- Follicular Phase Changes: Describe the physiological changes that occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.
- Corpus Albicans Formation: The corpus albicans forms:
- At the end of the luteal phase without pregnancy.
- Testis Function: The testis is responsible for:
- Secretion of testosterone.
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries:
- Produce ova (eggs)
- Secrete hormones: estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin
- Accessory Sex Organs:
- Vagina
- Uterus
- Fallopian tubes
- Structure of Ovaries:
- Composed of cortex and medulla
- Cortex contains about 300,000 ovarian follicles
- Medulla contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
- Ovarian Function:
- Begins at puberty and ends at menopause
- Releases one ovum approximately every month between puberty and menopause
- Sex Cycles in Females:
- Regular cyclic changes in the adult female reproductive system
- Start at puberty and continue until menopause
- Average cycle length: 28 days (varies between women)
Ovarian Cycle
- **Follicular Phase:**
- Begins on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation
- Follicles grow under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- One follicle (Graafian follicle) grows rapidly around the 6th day of the cycle
- **Ovulation Phase:**
- Process of expelling the ovum from the Graafian follicle
- Occurs in the midcycle, usually on the 14th day
- Triggered by a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH)
- **Luteal Phase:**
- Ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum
- Lasts 14 days
- Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone under the influence of LH
- Reaches full maturation on the 24th day of the cycle
- Persists if pregnancy occurs
- Degenerates into corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur
Uterine Cycle
- **Bleeding Phase (Menstrual Phase):**
- Lasts 3-5 days
- Corpus luteum degenerates on the 24th day, leading to decreased estrogen and progesterone levels
- Endometrium (lining of the uterus) sheds
- **Proliferative Phase:**
- Begins after the menstrual phase
- Damaged endometrium regenerates under the influence of estrogen from the Graafian follicle
- **Secretory Phase:**
- Begins after ovulation
- Endometrium thickens, becomes more vascularized, and prepares for implantation of a fertilized ovum
- Glands in the endometrium secrete a clear fluid
Male Reproductive System
- **Functions:**
- Produces, maintains, and transports sperm and semen
- Discharges sperm into the female reproductive tract
- Produces and secretes male sex hormones
- **Components:**
- **Testicles:** produce testosterone and sperm
- **Duct System:** includes the epididymis and vas deferens
- **Accessory Glands:** include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland
- **Penis:** external organ for sexual intercourse
- **Hormones:**
- **Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):** stimulates sperm production
- **Luteinizing hormone (LH):** stimulates testosterone production
- **Testosterone:** responsible for male characteristics, including muscle mass, strength, fat distribution, bone mass, and sex drive
Testicles (Testes)
- Oval organs located in the scrotum to maintain cooler temperatures
- Produce testosterone and sperm
- Contain seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis (sperm production) occurs
Discussion Questions
- Follicular Phase Changes: Describe the physiological changes that occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.
- Corpus Albicans Formation: The corpus albicans is formed during:
- The follicular phase?
- The ovulatory phase?
- At the end of the luteal phase without pregnancy?
- At the end of the luteal phase with pregnancy?
- Testis Function: The testes are responsible for:
- Secretion of FSH and LH?
- Formation of sperms from Leydig cells?
- Secretion of testosterone?
- Secretion of estrogen?
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Description
Test your knowledge of the female reproductive system, focusing on the functions of the ovaries and the details of the ovarian and uterine cycles. This quiz covers essential phases such as the follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases, as well as the different stages of the uterine cycle. Perfect for students in biology or health sciences.
