Female Reproductive System Overview
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What is the outcome of meiosis I during oogenesis?

  • Only one functional gamete is produced
  • Two diploid cells are created
  • Two haploid cells of equal size are produced
  • One secondary oocyte and one first polar body are formed (correct)

    • At what stage do primary oocytes stall during oogenesis?

  • Metaphase I of meiosis
  • Prophase II of meiosis
  • Metaphase II of meiosis
  • Prophase I of meiosis (correct)

    • What happens to the secondary oocyte if it is not penetrated by sperm?

  • It completes meiosis II
  • It degenerates and deteriorates (correct)
  • It is ejected from the body without any changes
  • It directly transforms into an ovum

    • Which structure contains the majority of the cytoplasm produced during oogenesis?

    <p>Secondary oocyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the monthly activation of primary oocytes after puberty?

    <p>The release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the ovulation process?

    <p>Rising levels of LH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs?

    <p>It degenerates into corpus albicans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the pain some women feel during ovulation?

    <p>Mittelschmerz (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if more than one secondary oocyte is released during ovulation?

    <p>Fraternal twins if both are fertilized (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase occurs right before the corpus luteum begins to erode?

    <p>Luteolytic phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for the corpus luteum to transform into corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur?

    <p>10 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the endometrium begin to erode?

    <p>Ischemic phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the corpus luteum play if pregnancy occurs?

    <p>It produces hormones to sustain the pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the secretory phase of the endometrium?

    <p>The endometrium prepares to receive an embryo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Secretory phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily regulated by fluctuating levels of pituitary gonadotropins during the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Structural changes of the ovary and uterus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two phases occur before ovulation?

    <p>Proliferative and menstrual phases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the surge in LH and FSH during the ovarian cycle?

    <p>High estrogen levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the secretory phase in the endometrial cycle?

    <p>Ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the uterine cycle is the functional layer of the endometrium shed?

    <p>Menstrual phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ovarian follicles is hormone dependent?

    <p>Vesicular follicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Formation of the corpus luteum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the endometrium is primarily involved in the menstrual flow?

    <p>Functional layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The highest levels of estrogens during the ovarian cycle are found during which phase?

    <p>Follicular phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for the changes in the endometrial lining during the uterine cycle?

    <p>Estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage is the primary oocyte arrested before ovulation?

    <p>Prophase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the completion of Meiosis I in a primary oocyte each month?

    <p>Surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the secondary oocyte during ovulation if it is not fertilized?

    <p>It degenerates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure develops from the ruptured follicle after ovulation?

    <p>Corpus luteum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Meiosis II of the secondary oocyte?

    <p>It occurs only if the sperm penetrates the oocyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase is the primary oocyte in when it is present at birth?

    <p>Prophase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy level of a secondary oocyte at the time of ovulation?

    <p>n (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which follicle stage contains a primary oocyte still arrested in prophase I during the monthly cycle?

    <p>Primary follicle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to polar bodies formed during oogenesis?

    <p>They degenerate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which life stage is the ovarian function inactive?

    <p>Infancy and childhood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prepares the endometrium to receive an embryo?

    <p>Blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase corresponds in time to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Secretory phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the anabolic effects of estrogens on the female reproductive tract?

    <p>Promoting oogenesis and follicle growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes is induced by estrogens at puberty?

    <p>Rapid growth spurts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT a secondary sex characteristic induced by estrogens?

    <p>Increased muscle mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic effect do estrogens have on blood cholesterol levels?

    <p>Maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these phases occurs before ovulation?

    <p>Menstrual and proliferative phases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the functional layer of the endometrium do during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Enriches blood supply and builds up to receive an embryo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Oogenesis Definition

    The process of producing female gametes (ova).

    Oogonia

    Ovarian stem cells that multiply by mitosis and store nutrients.

    Primary oocyte

    A cell that starts meiosis but stalls in prophase I. It's crucial for egg development, and you have all your primary oocytes at birth

    Secondary oocyte

    A large cell that results from meiosis I. Includes most of the mother cell’s cytoplasm and organelles; contains half the genetic material of the original cell

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    Ovulation

    The release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary.

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    Corpus Luteum Degeneration

    If no pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum breaks down after about 10 days, turning into the corpus albicans.

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    Fraternal Twins

    Result from the release of more than one secondary oocyte.

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    Identical Twins

    Result from a single fertilized egg and subsequent cell division.

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    Luteolytic Phase

    The final phase of the luteal phase, where the endometrium begins to erode.

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    GnRH

    Gonadotropin-releasing hormone. A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland.

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    LH

    Luteinizing Hormone. A hormone that causes the ovary wall to rupture.

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    Corpus albicans

    Scar tissue formed after the corpus luteum degenerates.

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    Primordial follicle

    Structure containing a primary oocyte and surrounding follicle cells.

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    Meiosis I

    First division of meiosis, producing a secondary oocyte and 1st polar body.

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    Follicle development

    Process of ovarian follicle growth and maturation.

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    LH surge

    Sudden increase in LH hormone that triggers meiosis I completion.

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    Corpus Luteum

    The temporary structure formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation.

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    Meiosis II

    The second stage of meiosis, completed only if fertilization occurs.

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    Proliferative Phase

    The phase where the functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt, preparing for potential implantation.

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    Secretory Phase

    The endometrium is further enriched with blood vessels and glandular secretions, becoming hospitable for a fertilized egg.

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    Menstrual and Proliferative Phases

    These phases occur before ovulation and correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.

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    Secretory Phase and Luteal Phase

    These phases occur after ovulation and correspond to each other.

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    Gonadotropins and Ovarian Cycle

    Fluctuating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the blood control the events of the ovarian cycle.

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    Follicular Phase

    The phase of the ovarian cycle where follicles mature.

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    Luteal Phase

    The phase of the ovarian cycle after ovulation, dominated by the corpus luteum.

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    Menstrual Phase

    The phase of the uterine cycle where the uterine lining sheds.

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    Ovarian Cycle

    The monthly cycle of changes in the ovaries.

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    Estrogen's Role

    Estrogen stimulates follicle growth, promotes oogenesis (egg production), and influences secondary sex characteristics in females.

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    Progesterone's Role

    Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy by thickening the lining and maintaining it during early pregnancy.

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    Metabolic Effects of Estrogen

    Estrogen helps regulate cholesterol levels, promoting healthy heart health and facilitating calcium uptake for strong bones.

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    Secondary Sex Characteristics

    Physical traits that develop during puberty, influenced by hormones and distinguishing males from females.

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    Study Notes

    Female Reproductive System

    • Female Reproductive System Overview: The female reproductive system is a complex network of organs and structures responsible for producing gametes (ova), supporting pregnancy, and facilitating childbirth.

    Female Reproductive System Anatomy

    • Vulva: The external female genitalia consisting of structures like the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal opening.

    • Vagina: A muscular, elastic canal that extends from the cervix to the exterior. It serves as the birth canal, a passage for menstrual flow, and is involved in sexual intercourse.

    • Uterus: A muscular organ where a fertilized ovum implants and develops. The uterus has three layers: the perimetrium (outermost serous layer), myometrium (middle muscular layer), and endometrium (inner mucosal lining). The endometrium has a functional layer (stratum functionalis) that responds to hormonal cycles, and a basal layer (stratum basalis) that regenerates the functional layer after menstruation.

    • Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes): These tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus. They are responsible for transporting the ovum to the uterus for fertilization. Sections of the uterine tube include the ampulla, isthmus, infundibulum, and fimbriae.

    • Ovaries: Primary female reproductive organs responsible for producing ova and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). The ovaries contain follicles, which house developing ova. Various stages of follicles, such as primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary follicles, and mature/vesicular follicles are part of the development process.

    • Ovarian Cycle: A monthly series of changes in the ovaries associated with maturation and release of an ovum, lasting approximately 28 days. Phases include the follicular phase (growth of vesicular follicle) and luteal phase (activity of corpus luteum).

    • Oogenesis: The process of ovum formation, taking years to complete. It involves the development of an ovum in the ovary, commencing in the fetal period, and culminating in the release of a secondary oocyte.

    • Ovulation: Release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary. This is driven by hormonal surges primarily by LH (luteinizing hormone).

    • Mammary Glands: Present in both sexes but mainly developed in females. Responsible for milk production during lactation. Contains lobules, lactiferous ducts, and lactiferous sinuses.

    • Breast Cancer: Invasive breast cancer is the most common malignant cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in U.S. women. Factors like early onset menstruation, late menopause, lack of pregnancies or later-in-life pregnancies, absence or short periods of breast feeding, and family history increase the risk. Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery.

    Development of Internal Reproductive Organs

    • Sexually Indifferent Stage: During embryonic development, both sexes have similar structures.

    • Male Development: The development of male reproductive organs is driven by the SRY gene, leading to differentiation of testes, efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens, and other associated structures.

    • Female Development: In the absence of the SRY gene, female reproductive organs like the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina develop.

    Hormonal Regulations of Ovarian Cycles

    • Hormonal Regulation: Pituitary hormones like FSH and LH, and ovarian hormones like estrogen and progesterone regulate the ovarian and uterine cycles. Levels of these hormones fluctuate cyclically, driving the development of follicles and the uterine cycle.

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    Bio 202 Female Reproductive System PDF

    Description

    Explore the anatomy and functions of the female reproductive system. This quiz covers key structures such as the vulva, vagina, and uterus, along with their roles in reproductive processes. Test your knowledge on how these components work together in women's health.

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