Questions and Answers
What are the two types of categorical grants-in-aid?
Formula Grants and Project Grants
What is Federalism?
Governmental power is divided between the federal government and the individual state governments.
In the US Federal System, what is the Federal government responsible for?
Wars and mail delivery
What are the state governments responsible for?
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Do they share any responsibilities? If so, list them here as well.
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What are the two types of Federalism?
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How long did Dual Federalism last?
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Discuss the characteristics of Dual Federalism.
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Who has more jurisdiction under Dual Federalism?
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What is a block grant?
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What is the Commerce Clause?
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Cooperative federalism is also called _____ because it mixes state and federal governments.
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Dual federalism is called _____ because of its strict division between national and state governments.
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What 'Deal' brought us Cooperative Federalism?
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What is Regulated Federalism? What are examples of mandates (funded or unfunded) set up by the federal government?
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What are Grants-in-Aid?
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What form of Federalism did Nixon and Reagan popularize?
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What were the national government and state government responsibilities under Dual Federalism?
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What are the 3 things New Federalism focuses on?
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Nixon, Reagan, HW Bush, and Clinton favored New Federalism, but who preferred regulated federalism?
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What type of Federalism do we currently live under?
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Study Notes
Categorical Grants-in-Aid
- Formula Grants: Funds distributed based on a mathematical formula, typically considering the number of impoverished individuals in a state.
- Project Grants: Require states to submit competitive proposals to access funding from a limited pool.
Definition of Federalism
- Division of governmental power between the federal government and individual state governments.
Responsibilities of the Federal Government
- Conducts wars and manages mail delivery services.
Responsibilities of State Governments
- Issues various licenses including drivers, hunters, barbers, and dentists.
Shared Responsibilities
- Both federal and state governments have the authority to levy taxes.
Types of Federalism
- Dual Federalism and Cooperative Federalism.
Duration of Dual Federalism
- Spanned from 1788 to 1937.
Characteristics of Dual Federalism
- Clearly defined powers, with distinct separation between state and national government authorities.
Jurisdiction Under Dual Federalism
- States retain more jurisdiction compared to the federal government.
Block Grants
- Large sums of money allocated by the national government to states for significant projects, such as infrastructure, allowing states the flexibility in spending decisions.
Commerce Clause
- Found in Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution; empowers the national government to regulate interstate commerce and interacts with state governance.
Cooperative Federalism
- Also known as Marble Cake Federalism, blending state and federal responsibilities; in contrast, Dual Federalism is termed Layered Cake Federalism for its strict separation.
Origin of Cooperative Federalism
- Emerged from the New Deal under FDR, promoting state compliance with national goals through financial incentives.
Regulated Federalism
- The federal government establishes rules that states must follow, which can be funded or unfunded mandates.
- Funded Mandates: Financially supported by the federal government (e.g., EPA regulations).
- Unfunded Mandates: Require adherence without allocated funds from the federal government (e.g., OSHA regulations).
Grants-in-Aid
- Federal funds provided to states to encourage the adoption of specific policies, often aimed at creating compliance through fiscal incentives.
New Federalism
- Promoted by Nixon and Reagan, focusing on reducing federal authority and giving more power to state and local governments.
Responsibilities Under Dual Federalism
- National Responsibilities: Manage internal improvements, public lands, patents, tariffs, and currency control.
- State Responsibilities: Oversee property laws, inheritance laws, commercial and banking laws, public health, local governance, education, and licensing professions.
Focus of New Federalism
- Emphasizes block grants, devolution to state and local governments, and adherence to the 10th Amendment regarding powers reserved for states.
Preference of Different Presidential Administrations
- Nixon, Reagan, Bush Sr., and Clinton supported New Federalism, while George W. Bush favored Regulated Federalism.
Current Federalism
- The nature of federalism practiced today is not specified in the available texts.
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Test your knowledge on federalism with these informative flashcards. Learn about categorical grants-in-aid, including formula and project grants, as well as the foundational concepts of federalism. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of governmental structures.