Federal Intergovernmental Grants Overview
47 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

How many categorical grants were distributed by the federal government in 2014?

  • 1,099
  • 1,078 (correct)
  • 24
  • 21

Block grants accounted for 10 percent of total federal grant outlay by 2014.

True (A)

What grant program replaced the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in 1996?

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

The number of block grants increased from six in 1981 to _____ in 1989.

<p>fourteen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the years with their corresponding block grant counts:

<p>1981 = 6 1989 = 14 1999 = 24 2014 = 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason cited for the popularity of categorical grants over block grants?

<p>Elected officials can take credit for outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Obama administration criticized categorical grants for their lack of accountability mechanisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main criticism of block grants as mentioned in the information?

<p>Lack of accountability for outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the annual cap on federal funding for the TANF block grant?

<p>$16.489 billion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The AFDC program had a funding cap on federal reimbursements to states.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reform did Paul Ryan propose during his tenure to potentially save the federal government money?

<p>Convert Medicaid into a block grant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unfunded mandates impose obligations on state and local governments without fully compensating them for the ______.

<p>administrative costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Block Grants = Funding provided to states in a lump sum with fewer restrictions Unfunded Mandates = Federal requirements that impose costs without full compensation Set-asides = Requirements to designate a share of funds for specific purposes Crosscutting Mandates = Penalties for failure to comply with federal laws affecting all programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the effect of block grants?

<p>Cost-cutting by capping funding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Set-asides are used to enhance the programmatic flexibility of block grants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential penalties for failing to comply with crosscutting mandates?

<p>Reduction or suspension of federal grants, prosecution of officials, fines</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated cost for states regarding the re-issuing of DL/IDs and implementing new identity verification procedures?

<p>$11 billion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only thirty-eight states were in full compliance with Real ID as of December 2018.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term have some federalism scholars used to describe the use of mandates by the federal government?

<p>coercive federalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Clery Act requires colleges and universities to disclose information about campus _____

<p>crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Clery Act aim to provide information about?

<p>Campus crime (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The federal government has fully funded the implementation of Real ID for states.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Clery Act named after?

<p>Jeanne Clery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their respective descriptions:

<p>Real ID = Compliance for securing identity verification Clery Act = Disclosure of campus crime statistics Unfunded mandates = Federal requirements without funding support Coercive federalism = Use of federal mandates to ensure compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence if a state or local government fails to meet federal requirements?

<p>They may be denied any federal money. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Clean Air Act allows the federal government to enforce air quality regulations directly in all states.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What law was enacted in 1995 to limit unfunded federal mandates on state and local governments?

<p>Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ Act of 2005 requires standardized features on driver’s licenses and identification cards for security purposes.

<p>Real ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following acts with their primary focus:

<p>Title VI of the Civil Rights Act = Prohibits racial discrimination in federally funded programs Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) = Restricts the use of unfunded mandates by the national government Real ID Act = Improves security features on state-issued identification Clean Air Act = Sets federal air quality regulations for states to implement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the 2017 Unfunded Mandates and Information Transparency Act?

<p>It was referred to the Senate but did not proceed further. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Federal mandates have decreased in number since the 1970s.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What authority does Title VI of the Civil Rights Act give to the federal government?

<p>Withholding federal grants and filing lawsuits against discriminatory practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of categorical grants?

<p>They typically require matching funds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Block grants come with more stringent federal regulations compared to categorical grants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What federal program increased significantly in funding from $43.8 billion in 1990 to $320 billion in 2014?

<p>Medicaid</p> Signup and view all the answers

General revenue sharing had the least restrictions on the use of federal grants from 1972 to 1986, distributing upwards of $_____ billion.

<p>85</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of federal grants with their characteristics:

<p>Categorical Grants = Require strict adherence to guidelines and matching funds Block Grants = Provide more flexibility in fund use General Revenue Sharing = Have the least restrictions on usage Medicaid = A notable federally funded health-care program</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a categorical grant?

<p>Workforce Investment Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Federal grants have steadily increased in funding from the 1960s to the present.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two types of federal grants provide funding for skills training and infrastructure maintenance?

<p>Block grants and categorical grants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of federal intergovernmental grants?

<p>To entice state governments to achieve national goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unfunded mandates provide financial compensation for state compliance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of grants were primarily used by the federal government before cash grants?

<p>Land grants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Federal intergovernmental grants are often likened to a __________, while unfunded mandates are likened to a __________.

<p>carrot, stick</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following institutions were established as land-grant universities?

<p>University of Delaware (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cash grants have been the main form of federal intergovernmental transfers since the early 20th century.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the black land grant universities established in 1890.

<p>Florida A&amp;M University or Prairie View A&amp;M University</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Federal Intergovernmental Grants

Financial assistance from the federal government to state and local governments, used to encourage specific actions or programs.

Unfunded Mandates

Federal requirements imposed on state and local governments, often without funding to cover the costs.

Land Grants

Grants provided to states in the form of land, often used for infrastructure projects or education.

Cash Grants

Federal grants provided to states in the form of cash, used for a variety of purposes, replacing land grants in the 20th century.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Federal Influence on State Actions

The ability of the federal government to influence state actions through financial incentives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evolution of Federal Intergovernmental Grants

The increase in the reliance on federal grants as a primary means of intergovernmental transfers in the 20th century.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Land Grants for Infrastructure

The use of land grants to support infrastructure development, like roads, railroads, and canals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Land-Grant Universities

The establishment of universities and colleges on land provided by the federal government, leading to the creation of 'land-grant' institutions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Categorical Grants

Federal funds given to state and local governments with specific conditions and strict administrative criteria. They often require matching funds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Block Grants

Federal grants with less stringent federal administrative conditions, allowing recipients more flexibility in spending.

Signup and view all the flashcards

General Revenue Sharing

Federal funds provided to state and local governments with minimal restrictions on how the money is spent, giving them the most freedom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Federal Grant

A way the federal government uses its power to influence policy at state and local levels by providing funding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growth of Federal Grants

The amount of funding for federal grants has greatly increased since the 1960s, particularly due to the expansion of healthcare programs like Medicaid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Federal Government's Preference

The federal government has preferred using categorical grants because they give them more control and discretion over how the money is spent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Examples of Federal Grant Use

Funds provided to states and local governments for healthcare, education, and infrastructure projects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

National Policy Influence

The federal government uses grants to achieve its national policy priorities by influencing state and local actions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Categorical Grants Popularity

The tendency for categorical grants to be more common than block grants, despite efforts to decentralize policy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Political Advantage of Categorical Grants

One reason for categorical grants' popularity is that elected officials can take credit for positive outcomes achieved through their programs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Greater Federal Control with Categorical Grants

Another reason for categorical grants' popularity is that federal officials maintain greater oversight and influence over program performance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lack of Accountability in Block Grants

A criticism of block grants is their lack of accountability mechanisms for state and local officials to ensure desired outcomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Preservation of Categorical Grants

Established categorical programs gain support from vested interests in Congress and federal agencies, making them difficult to change.

Signup and view all the flashcards

TANF Block Grant

The conversion of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program into the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Creeping Categorization

The process where the federal government adds more regulations and requirements to block grants over time, limiting their flexibility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Partial Preemption

Federal government sets national regulations but allows states to enforce them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crosscutting Mandate

A type of unfunded mandate where states face penalties for not following federal rules across multiple programs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Uncapped Federal Funding

A federal grant program that provides funding to states without placing a limit on the amount.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clean Air Act and Unfunded Mandates

The Clean Air Act is an example of an unfunded mandate where states must create implementation plans to achieve federal air quality standards.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Set-Aside

A method used to restrict block grant flexibility by requiring a specific portion of the funds to be used for a particular purpose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) aimed to limit the use of unfunded mandates by requiring more procedural scrutiny for such requirements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cost Ceiling

A method used to limit block grant flexibility by placing a ceiling on how much can be spent on certain purposes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Real ID Act of 2005

The Real ID Act of 2005 requires states to meet specific security standards for driver's licenses and state-issued identification cards.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Real ID Act: Unfunded Mandate

The Real ID Act of 2005 is an example of a costly unfunded mandate for states.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intergovernmental Grants

The transfer of financial assistance from the federal government to state and local governments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Federal Power: Withholding Funds or Lawsuits

The federal government can withhold funding or sue states if they don't meet certain requirements, like those related to civil rights.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are unfunded mandates?

The federal government imposing requirements on state and local governments, often without providing funds to cover the costs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is coercive federalism?

A strategy where the federal government uses unfunded mandates to accomplish its national goals while shifting the financial burden to states.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Clery Act?

A federal law requiring colleges and universities receiving federal student aid to disclose information about campus crime.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Clery Act Compliance Division?

The U.S. Department of Education's division responsible for enforcing the Clery Act.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is new federalism?

The act of giving more autonomy to states and local governments to carry out national goals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does the federal government use grants?

The concept of using federal grants to influence state actions and encourage certain programs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What's the issue with unfunded mandates?

Federal requirements imposed on states with minimal or no federal funding, contradicting the principles of new federalism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does new federalism promote?

States are given more flexibility in carrying out national goals, even with limited federal funding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Students will be able to explain the evolution of federal intergovernmental grants.
  • Students will be able to identify the different types of federal intergovernmental grants.
  • Students will be able to describe the characteristics of unfunded mandates.

Intergovernmental Grants

  • National government often needs state and local participation to achieve goals.
  • Grants provide positive financial incentives (like a "carrot").
  • Grants incentivize states to meet national goals.
  • Unfunded mandates impose requirements without compensation.
  • Unfunded mandates are like a "stick" because of the threat of penalties.

Grants

  • Land grants were used in the early 1800s to fund infrastructure projects (roads, railroads, bridges, canals).
  • Land grants also supported the development of universities and colleges.
  • Land grants were common in the South after the Civil War when funding was scarce.
  • Cash grants gradually replaced land grants as the primary form of intergovernmental transfer.
  • Cash grants are now a crucial aspect of modern federalism.

Categorical Grants

  • Categorical grants are designed to control spending.
  • These transfers subject recipients to strict administrative criteria and guide project selection for specific programs.
  • Federal officials monitor performance and financial oversight.
  • Medicaid and the food stamp program are examples of categorical grants.
  • Grant recipients must make matching payments.

Block Grants

  • Block grants have less stringent federal restrictions than categorical grants.
  • Block grants provide more flexibility over grant usage.
  • Workforce Investment Act and Surface Transportation programs are examples of block grants.
  • Recipients of general revenue sharing face the least restrictions.
  • Federal grants increased significantly during the 1960s and 1970s.
  • The rise in Medicaid funding was a major factor in the increase during the 1990s and 2000s.
  • In 2014, health-related grant programs (such as Medicaid and CHIP) accounted for more than half of federal spending.

Unfunded Mandates

  • Federal laws/regulations obligate state and local governments.
  • These obligations often lack financial compensation.
  • Unfunded mandates emerged in the 1960s, impacting numerous areas like the environment, civil rights, education, and homeland security.
  • Unfunded mandates may include crosscutting mandates.
  • These mandates can lead to punishment, grants suspension, or fines.
  • An example is Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Unfunded Mandate Reform Act (UMRA)

  • The UMRA aimed to limit unfunded mandates by subjecting mandates to greater scrutiny.
  • Despite this, mandates continued.
  • More costly mandates have appeared in recent years.

Real ID Act of 2005

  • This act requires states to increase security for driver's licenses.
  • The act created costs for states.
  • Significant compliance issues remain.

The Clery Act of 1990

  • This act requires colleges to report campus crime data publicly.
  • The law mandates annual reports on campus security.
  • The act protects student safety through public information.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

This quiz explores the evolution and types of federal intergovernmental grants, highlighting their role in achieving national goals and the implications of unfunded mandates. Students will analyze historical contexts and financial incentives associated with these grants.

More Like This

Federal Grants and Federalism Concepts
4 questions
Federal Block Grants Quiz
29 questions
Types of Federal Grants
4 questions

Types of Federal Grants

WellBacklitJasmine avatar
WellBacklitJasmine
Federalism Concepts and Impacts
24 questions
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser