Features of CRISPR-based Mutagenic Chain Reaction

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What is the primary mechanism that allows one copy of a duplicated gene to accumulate mutations without immediate negative consequences?

Neofunctionalization of the duplicated gene

Positive selection for novel functions

Relaxed selection due to functional redundancy (correct)

Accumulation of inactivating mutations leading to pseudogenes

Which of the following describes the process by which duplicated genes can become pseudogenes?

Partitioning of ancestral functions

Positive selection for novel adaptive traits

Accumulation of inactivating mutations (correct)

Functional divergence through neofunctionalization

What is the process by which duplicated genes can acquire novel functions or adaptive traits?

Adaptive evolution through positive selection (correct)

Relaxed selection

Subfunctionalization

Degenerative evolution

Which of the following processes can lead to divergence in gene function or expression patterns between duplicated gene copies?

Functional divergence through neofunctionalization or subfunctionalization Signup and view all the answers

Are members of a gene family within a species, such as the hemoglobin genes, considered homologous?

Yes, they share a common ancestral gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the transgenic locus in CRISPR-based mutagenic chain reaction?

To provide the necessary components for CRISPR-based genome editing, including Cas9 and gRNA Signup and view all the answers

How does the transgenic locus contribute to the spread of CRISPR-based mutations within a population?

By utilizing a form of genetic drive, such as homing endonucleases or gene drives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of CRISPR-based mutagenic chain reaction systems?

To create homozygous individuals carrying specific CRISPR-based mutations Signup and view all the answers

In Sanger sequencing, what is the role of dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs)?

To terminate DNA synthesis when incorporated Signup and view all the answers

How does Sequencing-By-Synthesis (Illumina) differ from Sanger sequencing in terms of the use of terminator nucleotides?

Sequencing-By-Synthesis does not use terminator nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind Sanger sequencing?

Chain termination Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a transposase enzyme?

To cut and paste or copy and paste DNA sequences at different genomic locations Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences in retrotransposons and retroviruses?

LTRs contain regulatory elements necessary for transcription and integration of the retrotransposon or retrovirus Signup and view all the answers

How does methylation of a protein-coding gene's promoter typically affect its expression?

Methylation can have variable effects on gene expression depending on the context Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a retrotransposon compared to other types of transposable elements?

Retrotransposons replicate via an RNA intermediate and reverse transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of inverted repeat sequences found at the ends of transposable elements?

To act as recognition sites for transposase enzymes Signup and view all the answers

How can methylation of a protein-coding gene affect its expression, beyond simply shutting down transcription?

Methylation can have context-dependent effects on gene expression beyond just transcriptional regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that defines a motif gene family?

Genes encoding proteins that share a common structural motif or domain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of divergence in evolutionary biology?

The accumulation of differences in genetic sequences and traits between populations or species over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of gene or protein degradation over evolutionary time?

Mutational accumulation or loss of selective pressure Signup and view all the answers

How does read depth in Illumina sequencing (NGS) relate to copy number?

Higher read depth indicates increased copy number, while lower read depth suggests decreased copy number Signup and view all the answers

Why do inversions prevent recombination during meiosis?

Inversions reverse the orientation of genetic sequences, disrupting proper pairing and crossover Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of degradation in evolutionary biology?

Acquisition of new beneficial functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA)?

To target transposable elements for silencing in the germline Signup and view all the answers

Why are female meiotic drive systems less likely to reduce population fitness compared to male drive systems?

Female gametes are produced in limited numbers, ensuring equal representation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a meiotic driver system?

The Segregation Distorter complex in Drosophila Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gametogenesis?

To produce gametes with half the chromosome number of somatic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about meiotic drivers is correct?

Meiotic drivers increase the transmission rates of specific genetic variants within a population Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Piwi proteins in the context of piRNA function?

They form complexes with piRNA to target transposable elements for silencing Signup and view all the answers