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What was a significant influence on the growth of capitalism during the 19th century?
Which energy sources replaced traditional powers following the Industrial Revolution?
In a capitalist system, who primarily owns the means of production?
Which socio-economic classes emerged as a result of industrialization?
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What played a key role in funding Europe's industrialization?
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What is a characteristic feature of a capitalist economy?
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The shift from the domestic system to the factory system primarily aimed to:
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Which European country was the first to start the Industrial Revolution?
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What is nationalism primarily characterized by?
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Which of the following was NOT an obstacle to Italian unity in 1815?
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Which feature is characteristic of capitalism?
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What role did foreign powers play in the obstacles to Italian unity?
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Which of the following is a key impact of nationalism in the context of nation-states?
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What was one significant reason for the lack of consensus among different groups in Italy during its unification?
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How did capitalism differ from a command economy?
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What was a primary motivation behind countries like Germany and Italy wanting to expand their colonial empires?
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What was a primary reason for Russian support of Balkan nationalists in the 19th century?
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Which factor presented a significant obstacle to Italian unity in the early 19th century?
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Which characteristic is commonly associated with nation-states?
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What was the primary role of foreign powers in the Balkan struggle during the 19th century?
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Which event significantly raised tension in the Balkan region in the late 19th century?
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What concept primarily describes the ownership of production in a capitalist system?
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What was a significant factor contributing to the tensions leading up to the American Civil War?
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Which event is often seen as marking the beginning of large-scale British intervention in Balkan nationalist movements?
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Study Notes
Features of Capitalism
- Capitalism is an economic system that emerged following the collapse of feudalism.
- Private ownership of the means of production is key.
- Growth of capitalism was heavily influenced by the Industrial Revolution, which began in England during the 18th century.
- The Industrial Revolution led to significant economic transformation in Western Europe and the United States.
- New sources of energy, like coal and steam, replaced wind and water power.
- The Factory system emerged, replacing the domestic system where individuals made goods at home.
- Industrialization created new social classes, such as the proletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie (owners).
- The transatlantic economy, which relied heavily on the slave trade, played a significant role in the rise of modern industrial capitalism.
- Riches from colonies and plantations funded European industrialization.
- The capitalist system relies on private ownership of the means of production by capitalists or bourgeoisie.
- Proletariats receive wages in exchange for their labor.
- Supply and demand drive the production of goods and services in a capitalist economy.
- Government intervention is minimal.
- Capitalism is a market economy, contrasting with a socialist economy's centrally planned structure.
- In a centrally planned or command economy, the government controls production, distribution, and prices.
Formation of Nation States
- Nationalism is a strong sense of belonging and loyalty to a nation, leading to pride in one's country and unwavering support for the government.
Unification of Italy
- Italy, fragmented after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, faced several obstacles to unity:
- Austrian occupation of Lombardy and Venice in the north.
- The Papal States, under papal sovereignty, straddled the center of the peninsula, dividing the north from the south.
- Several independent states existed, further fragmenting the region.
- The Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia, on the French border, was the most advanced state in Italy and slowly expanded since the Middle Ages.
- Difficulties in unification included:
- Lack of consensus on the form of government, with diverse groups favoring monarchy, republic, and federal structures.
- Foreign interference by powerful states like Austria, France, and the Papal States.
- Opposition from the Pope and the Catholic Church, who saw a united Italy as a threat to papal territories.
Balkan Nationalism
- In the 1850s and 1860s, independence and nationalist movements among the people of the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire grew stronger.
- Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Germany pursued their own national interests in the region.
- Foreign powers intervened in struggles between the Ottomans and nationalist groups.
- Russia supported Balkan nationalists:
- Russians were Slavs, like Bulgarians and Serbs.
- Both shared the Orthodox Christian faith.
- Russia sought access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
- Britain opposed Russian expansion and supported the Ottomans:
- Britain sought to protect its interests in India.
- Britain did not want Russia in the Mediterranean, where they could challenge British sea power.
- Austria supported the Ottomans to prevent Russian expansion.
- Revolts broke out in various parts of the Balkans in 1875.
- Romania, Montenegro, and Serbia gained independence in 1878.
- Between 1878 and 1913, Great Britain, Austria, France, and Italy carved up Ottoman territories, reducing its size.
- Growing tension and hostility in the region created a dangerous situation.
German Unification
- The Zollverein, a German customs union established in 1834, promoted economic cooperation among German states.
- The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 resulted in the formation of the North German Confederation, a significant step toward German unification.
The American Civil War
- The primary cause of the American Civil War was the question of slavery.
- The war resulted in the abolition of slavery in the United States and the reunification of the country.
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Description
Explore the key features of capitalism, an economic system that evolved after feudalism. This quiz covers the influence of the Industrial Revolution, the emergence of the factory system, and the social classes that arose during this transformative period. Test your understanding of how these factors shaped modern industrial capitalism.
