Cellular Immune Response I: FDA Approval of CAR T Cell Therapy 'Yescarta'
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the frequency of naive T cells specific for an antigen after antigen exposure?

  • It increases to 1 in 3 CD8+ T cells and 1 in 100 CD4+ T cells (correct)
  • It decreases significantly
  • It increases to 1 in 10 CD8+ T cells and 1 in 50 CD4+ T cells
  • It remains the same

    • What do effector CD4+ cells do?

  • Do not participate in immune responses
  • Express surface molecules and secrete cytokines that activate other cells (correct)
  • Secrete cytokines that kill infected cells
  • Express surface molecules to inactivate other cells

    • What is the function of effector CD8+ cells?

  • Act as memory cells
  • Help in the differentiation of naive T cells
  • Kill infected cells (correct)
  • Secrete cytokines to activate other immune cells

    • What is the result of T cell-mediated immune responses to an antigen?

    <p>Generation of memory T cells specific for that antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Edward Jenner's classic smallpox vaccination experiment?

    <p>It demonstrated the importance of generating memory cells on initial antigen exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of clonal expansion of lymphocytes?

    <p>All progeny share the same antigen specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the prolonged survival of memory T cells?

    <p>Increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows memory T cells to respond more rapidly to antigen stimulation than naive cells specific for the same antigen?

    <p>Increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do memory T cells contribute to the immune system's homeostasis?

    <p>By undergoing slow proliferation in the absence of antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor triggers apoptosis of T cells leading to the decline of T cell responses?

    <p>Activation of sensors of cellular stress like Bim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the contraction of the T cell response upon elimination of antigen?

    <p>Cessation of growth factor production (IL-2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about memory T cells is accurate?

    <p>The number of memory T cells specific for an antigen is less than naive cells specific for the same antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology is utilized in Yescarta therapy for treating certain types of large B-cell lymphoma?

    <p>CAR T Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do dendritic cells capture protein antigens to initiate T-cell responses?

    <p>Resident in Epithelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD28:B7 interaction in T cell activation?

    <p>Enhancing T cell survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor, when engaged, influences the balance of T cell activation by acting as an inhibitory receptor?

    <p>CTLA-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the 2nd signal(s) for T cell activation work in conjunction with antigen recognition?

    <p>Stimulates T cell responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CTLA-4 in relation to T cell activation?

    <p>Inhibit initial T cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and transplant rejection by targeting costimulation pathways?

    <p>CTLA-4-Ig Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interaction is critical for helper T cell-dependent antibody responses during T cell activation?

    <p>ICOS:ICOS-ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surface molecule is commonly referred to as IL-2Rα?

    <p>CD25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type primarily produces IL-2 early after antigen recognition and co-stimulation?

    <p>CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of IL-2 in T cell activation?

    <p>Stimulation of T cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is not influenced by IL-2 production?

    <p>TNF-α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process known as when T cells undergo rapid proliferation resulting in an increased number of antigen-specific clones?

    <p>Clonal expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of regulatory T cells in relation to IL-2?

    <p>IL-2 is required for the survival and function of regulatory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of memory T cells that allows them to respond more rapidly to antigen stimulation than naive cells specific for the same antigen?

    <p>Undergo slow proliferation in the presence of antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for triggering apoptosis of T cells and contributes to the decline of T cell responses?

    <p>Bim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that contributes to the prolonged survival of memory T cells?

    <p>Increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is crucial for the maintenance of memory T cells but does not require constant antigen recognition?

    <p>IL-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of memory T cells specific for an antigen compared to the number of naive cells specific for the same antigen?

    <p>Memory T cells are fewer in number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes memory T cells from naive T cells in their ability to respond to antigens at peripheral tissues?

    <p>Ability to migrate to peripheral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily responsible for the production of IL-2 early after antigen recognition and co-stimulation?

    <p>Activated T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate frequency of naive T cells specific for any antigen before antigen exposure?

    <p>1 in 1,000,000 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells do effector CD8+ cells primarily target and kill?

    <p>Infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of memory T cells in the immune system?

    <p>Responding more rapidly to antigen stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of T cell-mediated immune responses to an antigen?

    <p>Generation of memory T cells specific for that antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily responsible for capturing protein antigens to initiate T-cell responses?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surface molecule is expressed by T cells after activation and functions as a receptor for IL-2?

    <p>CD25 (IL-2Rα)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of IL-2 in T cell activation?

    <p>Promoting the survival and proliferation of T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following surface molecules is an inhibitory receptor that influences the balance of T cell activation?

    <p>CTLA-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the contraction of the T cell response upon elimination of antigen?

    <p>Apoptosis of activated T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interaction is critical for helper T cell-dependent antibody responses during T cell activation?

    <p>CD40L:CD40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 2nd signal(s) for T cell activation in conjunction with antigen recognition?

    <p>Promoting the survival and proliferation of T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dendritic cells in initiating T-cell responses?

    <p>They are the most effective APCs for initiating primary T-cell responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CTLA-4 in relation to T cell activation?

    <p>It inhibits the initial activation of T cells in secondary lymphoid organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology is utilized in Yescarta therapy for treating certain types of large B-cell lymphoma?

    <p>CAR T cells – genetically engineered T cells with a chimeric antigen receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of IL-2 in T cell activation?

    <p>It is a growth factor that supports the proliferation and differentiation of antigen-stimulated T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interaction is critical for helper T cell-dependent antibody responses during T cell activation?

    <p>ICOS:ICOS-ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CD28 in T cell activation?

    <p>It works in cooperation with antigen recognition to promote the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of the specific T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the contraction of the T cell response upon elimination of antigen?

    <p>The IL-2 production ceases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type primarily produces IL-2 early after antigen recognition and co-stimulation?

    <p>Naïve T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the prolonged survival of memory T cells?

    <p>Homeostatic proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of effector CD8+ cells?

    <p>Killing virus-infected cells and tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

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