Substrate Transport into Skeletal Muscle
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Questions and Answers

Match the following fatty acid transporters with their full names:

FAT/CD36 = Fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 FABPpm = Plasma membrane associated fatty acid binding protein FATP1 = Family of fatty acid transport proteins 1 FATP4 = Family of fatty acid transport proteins 4

Match the following amino acid transporters with their full names:

SNAT2 = Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 LAT1 = L-type amino acid transporter 1 PAT1 = Proton-assisted amino acid transporter 1 CAT1 = Cationic amino acid transport 1

Match the following statements with the correct type of energy source:

Preferred source of energy for muscles after exercise = Glycogen Last resort source of energy for muscles = Protein Primary source of energy for muscles during exercise = Fat Quickly grabbed and stored by muscle after exercise = Glucose

Match the following fatty acid transport-related statements with the correct factor:

<p>Stimulates FFA uptake in the muscle = Insulin and muscle contraction Regulates fatty acid transport into muscle = Transporters Determines the amount of FFAs that will move into the muscle = Concentration gradient Preferred method of fatty acid entry into muscle = Transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fatty acid transporters with their functions:

<p>FAT/CD36 = Fatty acid translocase FABPpm = Plasma membrane associated fatty acid binding FATP1 = Family of fatty acid transport proteins 1 FATP4 = Family of fatty acid transport proteins 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following amino acid transport-related statements with the correct factor:

<p>Transports specific amino acids across the membrane = Each transporter Needed to build more proteins in the cell = Amino acids Metabolism can be tricky = Amino acids Acts as a fuel source when there is no carbs or fats left = Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the correct type of transport:

<p>Passive method of fatty acid entry into muscle = Diffusion Regulated method of fatty acid entry into muscle = Transporters Preferred method of fatty acid entry into muscle = Transporters Method of amino acid transport into muscle = Transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the correct statement about CD36 and FATP4:

<p>Most important for fatty acid transport into muscle = CD36 and FATP4 Stimulated by insulin and muscle contraction = CD36 and FATP1 Involved in fatty acid transport into muscle = All transport proteins Facilitate fatty acid uptake in the muscle = CD36 and FATP4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of protein with its function:

<p>Receptor proteins = Sensitive to specific chemicals in the ECF Carrier proteins = Move molecules across the cell membrane Channel proteins = Not mentioned in the content Transporter proteins = Help polar molecules move across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its description:

<p>Facilitated diffusion = Type of carrier-mediated transport that requires energy Diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Carrier-mediated transport = Use of proteins to help polar molecules move across the cell membrane Passive transport = Not mentioned in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the component of the phospholipid membrane with its characteristic:

<p>Hydrophilic head = Faces the outside of the cell Hydrophobic tails = Faces the inside of the cell Phosphate group = Part of the glycerol molecule Fatty acid = Part of the phospholipid molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the level of substrate uptake with its description:

<p>Energy demand = By the contracting muscle Delivery of substrates = To the muscle Transport of substrates = Into the muscle by specific transporters Utilization of substrates = Not mentioned in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its function in cellular transport:

<p>Receptor site = Binds to the target molecule Carrier protein = Changes shape to move the molecule across the membrane Channel = Forms a pore for molecules to pass through Facilitated transporter = Uses energy to move molecules against their gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of molecule with its ability to cross the cell membrane:

<p>Lipid = Can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and move across without a transporter Polar = Needs the help of transporters or channels to get across the cell membrane Hydrophobic = Faces the outside of the cell Hydrophilic = Faces the inside of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its description related to cellular transport:

<p>Ligand = The target molecule that binds to the carrier protein Concentration gradient = The direction of molecule movement from high to low concentration Energy expenditure = Required for facilitated diffusion Selective permeability = The property of the lipid bilayer that allows only certain molecules to pass through</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the component of the phospholipid molecule with its characteristic:

<p>Glycerol = Has a modified phosphate group Fatty acid = Has a hydrophobic tail Phosphate group = Has a hydrophilic head Hydrophilic head = Faces the outside of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the glucose transport regulatory sites with their descriptions:

<p>Glucose supply = Dependent on blood supply to the muscle and the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose transport = Storage of glucose as glycogen or the oxidation of glucose in the cell. Glucose metabolism = Via facilitated diffusion, dependent on the presence of GLUT4 and GLUT1. None of the above = Not a regulatory site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the statements with the correct GLUT transporter:

<p>GLUT4 = Determines the level of transport of glucose into the cell and increases during exercise. GLUT1 = Increases during exercise and after feeding. Insulin receptor = Triggers the uptake of glucose by binding to the GLUT4 transporter. None of the above = Not a GLUT transporter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the physiological processes with their triggers:

<p>Glucose uptake = Insulin binding to the insulin receptor. GLUT4 transporters to the membrane = Muscle contraction. Increased metabolic demand = Hormones affecting glucose and FFA into the bloodstream. Glycogenesis = Activation of the storage or metabolic pathways specific to glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the substrates with their primary sources during exercise:

<p>Glucose = Circulation and intracellular stores. FFA = Circulation and intracellular stores. Glycogen = Intracellular stores only. ATP = Generated in the cell from glucose oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the statements with the correct effect on glucose transport:

<p>Increased insulin = Increases the uptake of glucose. Increased muscle contraction = Increases GLUT4 transporters to the membrane. Decreased blood glucose concentration = Decreases glucose supply to the muscle. Increased GLUT1 = Increases glucose metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the fuels with their relative contributions during exercise:

<p>Circulating fuels = 20-30% of fuels being used at 40% VO2max. Intracellular fuels = 70-80% of fuels being used at 40% VO2max. Glucose only = Major fuel source during high-intensity exercise. FFA only = Major fuel source during low-intensity exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the physiological processes with their effects on GLUT4:

<p>Exercise = Increases the content of GLUT4 in the cells. Feeding = Increases the content of GLUT4 in the cells. Insulin binding = Triggers the transport of GLUT4 to the membrane. Muscle contraction = Decreases the content of GLUT4 in the cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the statements with the correct regulatory mechanism:

<p>Changes to insulin = Affects the availability of glucose and FFAs. Max rate of substrate transport = Reached at low intensity exercise. Increased metabolic demand = Driven by working muscle. GLUT4 transporters = Regulated by muscle contraction only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

At low intensity exercise, the max rate of substrate transport from capillaries to skeletal muscle is reached.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

At 40% VO2max, more than 50% of fuels being used come from the circulation.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

GLUT1 is the primary transporter of glucose into the skeletal muscle cell.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin increases the uptake of glucose into the skeletal muscle cell by binding to the GLUT4 receptor.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscle contraction decreases the presence of GLUT4 transporters in the membrane.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of GLUT4 transporters in the membrane determines the rate of glucose metabolism.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The content of GLUT4 in the cells decreases during exercise.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose supply is dependent on the presence of GLUT4 transporters in the membrane.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin triggers the oxidation of glucose in the cell to generate energy in the form of ATP.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are two main regulatory sites of glucose transport into skeletal muscle cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fatty Acid Transport into Skeletal Muscle

  • Fats enter muscle cells through passive diffusion or transporters, with transporters being the preferred method.
  • Regulated by transporters: FAT/CD36, FABPpm, FATP1, and FATP4.
  • All transport proteins are present in skeletal muscle and contribute to transport.
  • The concentration gradient drives fatty acid transport into muscle.
  • Insulin and muscle contraction stimulate FFA uptake in muscle.
  • CD36 and FATP4 are the most important transporters.

Amino Acid Transport into Skeletal Muscle

  • Muscles are made up of proteins, comprising 20 important amino acids.
  • Amino acid transporters: SNAT2, LAT1, PAT1, and CAT1.
  • Each transporter transports specific amino acids across the membrane.
  • To build more proteins, amino acids must enter the cell.

Transport Across the Cell Membrane

  • Phospholipid membrane has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
  • The lipid bilayer is selectively permeable, allowing lipid substances to dissolve and move across.
  • Types of proteins: receptor proteins and carrier proteins.
  • Carrier proteins move molecules across the cell membrane.

Diffusion

  • Molecules move from high to low concentration through diffusion.
  • Facilitated diffusion: carrier-mediated transport of polar/hydrophilic molecules.
  • No energy expenditure is required for diffusion.

Fuel Transport into Skeletal Muscle

  • Uptake of substrates occurs at 4 levels: energy demand, delivery, transport, and activation of storage/metabolic pathways.
  • Increased metabolic demand from the working muscle drives physiological processes.
  • Substrate transport from capillaries to skeletal muscle reaches a max rate at low intensity exercise.
  • At 40% VO2max, only 20-30% of fuels come from circulation; the body uses intracellular fuels at higher intensities.

Glucose Transport into Skeletal Muscle

  • 3 main regulatory sites of glucose transport: glucose supply, glucose transport, and glucose metabolism.
  • Glucose supply depends on blood supply to the muscle and glucose concentration.
  • Glucose transport occurs through facilitated diffusion via GLUT4 and GLUT1.
  • Glucose metabolism involves storage as glycogen or oxidation to generate ATP.

Fatty Acid Transport into Skeletal Muscle

  • Fats enter muscle cells through passive diffusion or transporters, with transporters being the preferred method.
  • Regulated by transporters: FAT/CD36, FABPpm, FATP1, and FATP4.
  • All transport proteins are present in skeletal muscle and contribute to transport.
  • The concentration gradient drives fatty acid transport into muscle.
  • Insulin and muscle contraction stimulate FFA uptake in muscle.
  • CD36 and FATP4 are the most important transporters.

Amino Acid Transport into Skeletal Muscle

  • Muscles are made up of proteins, comprising 20 important amino acids.
  • Amino acid transporters: SNAT2, LAT1, PAT1, and CAT1.
  • Each transporter transports specific amino acids across the membrane.
  • To build more proteins, amino acids must enter the cell.

Transport Across the Cell Membrane

  • Phospholipid membrane has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
  • The lipid bilayer is selectively permeable, allowing lipid substances to dissolve and move across.
  • Types of proteins: receptor proteins and carrier proteins.
  • Carrier proteins move molecules across the cell membrane.

Diffusion

  • Molecules move from high to low concentration through diffusion.
  • Facilitated diffusion: carrier-mediated transport of polar/hydrophilic molecules.
  • No energy expenditure is required for diffusion.

Fuel Transport into Skeletal Muscle

  • Uptake of substrates occurs at 4 levels: energy demand, delivery, transport, and activation of storage/metabolic pathways.
  • Increased metabolic demand from the working muscle drives physiological processes.
  • Substrate transport from capillaries to skeletal muscle reaches a max rate at low intensity exercise.
  • At 40% VO2max, only 20-30% of fuels come from circulation; the body uses intracellular fuels at higher intensities.

Glucose Transport into Skeletal Muscle

  • 3 main regulatory sites of glucose transport: glucose supply, glucose transport, and glucose metabolism.
  • Glucose supply depends on blood supply to the muscle and glucose concentration.
  • Glucose transport occurs through facilitated diffusion via GLUT4 and GLUT1.
  • Glucose metabolism involves storage as glycogen or oxidation to generate ATP.

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Learn about the transport of fatty acids into skeletal muscle via passive diffusion or transporters, and the importance of glycogen replenishment after exercise. Discover the role of FAT/CD36 and FABPpm in fatty acid transport.

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