Fatty Acid Metabolism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism?

  • It facilitates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria. (correct)
  • It directly cleaves fatty acids from triacylglycerols.
  • It converts fatty acids into ketone bodies.
  • It is involved in the synthesis of ATP from acetyl-CoA.

Beta oxidation occurs in both the mitochondria and peroxisomes.

True (A)

What is generated in each cycle of beta oxidation?

Acetyl-CoA, FADH, and NADH

Fatty acids are esterified into fatty acyl CoA, which costs ___ ATP.

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP gain per cycle of fatty acid oxidation?

<p>14 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following products of beta oxidation to their energy contributions:

<p>Acetyl-CoA = 10 ATP FADH = 1.5 ATP NADH = 2.5 ATP Fatty acyl CoA = (n-2) remains for the next cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ketone bodies are produced from glucose in the mitochondria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many carbon atoms are removed during each cycle of beta oxidation?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acids are exclusively ketogenic?

<p>Leucine and lysine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Cori cycle allows lactate to be converted back into glucose.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is primarily synthesized during hepatic ketogenesis?

<p>Ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

When glucose levels drop, the body uses ______ for energy, which spares glucose for the brain.

<p>ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ketone bodies with their characteristics:

<p>Acetoacetate = Can become acetone or beta-hydroxybutyrate Acetone = A non-enzymatic product exhaled or excreted Beta-hydroxybutyrate = Trapped by NADH and serves as an energy source HMG CoA = Intermediate in ketogenesis from Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary source of Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis?

<p>Fatty acid beta oxidation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All amino acids can be converted into intermediates of the TCA cycle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Acetyl-CoA during ketone body formation?

<p>It combines to form acetoacetyl-CoA and then HMG CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic pathway do red blood cells primarily rely on during high-intensity exercise?

<p>Lactic acid pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myocardial ischemia affects both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle equally.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cori Cycle?

<p>The conversion of lactate back to glucose in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The complete oxidation of propionate yields _____ ATP.

<p>13.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the amino acid catabolism processes with their corresponding outcomes:

<p>Protein turnover = Release of nitrogen PKU = Inability to degrade phenylalanine Amino acid catabolism = Production of NADH Oxidative phosphorylation = Production of CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is lacking in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU)?

<p>Phenylalanine hydroxylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypoxia acclimatization involves adaptation of the body to increase endurance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy is lost as heat during anaerobic phosphorylation?

<p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lipoprotein Lipase

An enzyme that cleaves fatty acids from triacylglycerols, releasing free fatty acids for cellular uptake.

Beta Oxidation

A process that breaks down fatty acids in the mitochondria, producing acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH.

Carnitine

A molecule that acts as a shuttle to transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for beta oxidation.

Carnitine Acyl Transferase (CAT/CPT)

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a fatty acyl moiety from CoA to carnitine, allowing for the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria.

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Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation

A process that breaks down fatty acids in peroxisomes, generating energy but less efficiently than mitochondrial beta oxidation.

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Acetyl-CoA

A key product of beta oxidation that can be further oxidized in the TCA cycle or used to produce ketone bodies.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

A process that generates ATP using the energy released from the breakdown of fatty acids.

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Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)

A hormone that stimulates the breakdown of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue releasing free fatty acids into the blood.

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Cori Cycle

A metabolic process where lactate is converted into glucose in the liver. Lactate is released from muscles during intense exercise and taken up by the liver to be converted into glucose, which can then be used as fuel by other tissues.

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Oxidative Deamination

A metabolic process where the amino group of an amino acid is removed, releasing ammonia (NH3) and producing NADH. This process is part of the urea cycle where ammonia is converted to urea, a less toxic compound that can be excreted.

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Glucogenic Amino Acids

Amino acids that can be converted to glucose. They are broken down into intermediates of the TCA cycle or glycolysis, which are pathways used to generate glucose.

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Ketogenic Amino Acids

Amino acids that cannot be converted into glucose, as they cannot be broken down into intermediates of the TCA cycle or glycolysis. They can be converted into ketone bodies or acetyl-CoA, which cannot be used for glucose synthesis.

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Hepatic Ketogenesis

A process that occurs in the liver where ketone bodies are produced. This production occurs primarily from fatty acid beta oxidation, but it also involves the breakdown of ketogenic amino acids.

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Ketone Bodies

Ketone bodies are produced in the liver during prolonged fasting and are used as a source of energy by other organs. They are produced from the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids.

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Ketogenesis

The process in which ketone bodies are produced in the liver and released into the circulation where they are used as an energy source by other organs. This occurs when glucose levels are low, such as during fasting or prolonged exercise.

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Beta-hydroxybutyrate

A ketone body that can be used as an energy source by organs like the heart and brain.

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Anaerobic Respiration in Red Blood Cells

Process where red blood cells produce energy without using oxygen, relying solely on the lactic acid pathway. This occurs during intense physical activity when oxygen supply is limited.

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Myocardial Ischemia

A condition where the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen, potentially causing damage. This can occur during aerobic exercise due to increased oxygen demand.

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Muscle Energetic Efficiency

The efficiency of energy production in the body, with aerobic metabolism being more efficient than anaerobic.

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Hypoxia Acclimatization

The body's adaptation to low oxygen conditions, often used by athletes to improve endurance.

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Complete Oxidation of Propionate

The complete breakdown of propionate, a short-chain fatty acid, into usable energy. This process involves several steps and energy production.

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Protein Turnover

The continuous breakdown and synthesis of proteins within the body, involving the release of nitrogen as waste.

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Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A genetic disorder affecting the breakdown of phenylalanine, leading to severe developmental issues.

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Study Notes

Nutritional Physiology Study Notes

  • Nutritional Physiology: Balances nutritional input with physiological output via metabolic pathways, fluxes (metabolic rate), or changes in energetic efficiency to generate ATP or heat. Imbalance can lead to differences in body composition. The body eliminates unused products as faeces or urine.

Nutritional Input

  • Nutritional Input: Includes total daily intake, meal size, meal pattern, and nutrient composition.

Physiological Output

  • Physiological Output: Includes physiological status, health status, and environment; as well as metabolic rate.

Microbial Fermentation

  • Microbial Fermentation: Undigested parts of food can be fermented by the microbiome, generating energy for the body. However, amino acids must come from food, not be created by fermentation.

Enzymes

  • Enzymes: Reduce activation energy needed for nutrient cleavage. Enzymes in the digestive system are not digested themselves due to enzyme activity restrictions, pro-enzymes (zymogens), and a protective wall coating of non-digestible mucus. Mucosal cells are replaced frequently.

Anabolism and Catabolism

  • Anabolism: Synthesis of body constituents, such as body protein.
  • Catabolism: Release of energy from food or body constituents, producing ATP and heat.

Postprandial Phase (PPM)

  • Postprandial Phase (PPM): Input of nutrients exceeds needs. Involves digestion, absorption, and storage of nutrients in the liver, muscles, and fat. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) increases heat production (5-20%) and is dependent on protein > carbohydrates > fat.

Digestive System Overview

  • Mouth: Digestion begins with chewing, saliva mixing with food. Saliva contains lubricting mucins, amylase (starch), lipase (fat), lysozyme (antibacterial), and IgA (immune protection).
  • Esophagus: Transports food to the stomach.
  • Stomach: Contains gastric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase for initial digestion and alcohol absorption. Contains an enormous muscle layer.
  • Small Intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum): Pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase, etc.), completion of digestion, and absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, fats and water. Villi (projections) and microvilli increase surface area for absorption.
  • Colon: Water absorption, bacterial fermentation, storage of waste.

Accessory Digestive Organs

  • Teeth: Grind food into smaller particles.
  • Tongue: Aids in swallowing.
  • Salivary Glands: Release enzymes and lubricants.
  • Pancreas: Releases digestive enzymes.
  • Liver: Produces bile acids.
  • Gallbladder: Stores bile acids.

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Related Documents

Nutritional Physiology Lecture Notes (PDF)

Description

Test your knowledge on fatty acid metabolism, including the roles of carnitine, beta oxidation, and ketogenesis. This quiz covers key concepts such as ATP production in fatty acid oxidation and the conversion of lactate to glucose. Challenge yourself with questions about energy contributions and metabolic pathways.

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