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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism?
What is the primary role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism?
Beta oxidation occurs in both the mitochondria and peroxisomes.
Beta oxidation occurs in both the mitochondria and peroxisomes.
True
What is generated in each cycle of beta oxidation?
What is generated in each cycle of beta oxidation?
Acetyl-CoA, FADH, and NADH
Fatty acids are esterified into fatty acyl CoA, which costs ___ ATP.
Fatty acids are esterified into fatty acyl CoA, which costs ___ ATP.
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What is the net ATP gain per cycle of fatty acid oxidation?
What is the net ATP gain per cycle of fatty acid oxidation?
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Match the following products of beta oxidation to their energy contributions:
Match the following products of beta oxidation to their energy contributions:
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Ketone bodies are produced from glucose in the mitochondria.
Ketone bodies are produced from glucose in the mitochondria.
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How many carbon atoms are removed during each cycle of beta oxidation?
How many carbon atoms are removed during each cycle of beta oxidation?
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Which amino acids are exclusively ketogenic?
Which amino acids are exclusively ketogenic?
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The Cori cycle allows lactate to be converted back into glucose.
The Cori cycle allows lactate to be converted back into glucose.
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What substance is primarily synthesized during hepatic ketogenesis?
What substance is primarily synthesized during hepatic ketogenesis?
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When glucose levels drop, the body uses ______ for energy, which spares glucose for the brain.
When glucose levels drop, the body uses ______ for energy, which spares glucose for the brain.
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Match the following ketone bodies with their characteristics:
Match the following ketone bodies with their characteristics:
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What is a primary source of Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis?
What is a primary source of Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis?
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All amino acids can be converted into intermediates of the TCA cycle.
All amino acids can be converted into intermediates of the TCA cycle.
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What happens to Acetyl-CoA during ketone body formation?
What happens to Acetyl-CoA during ketone body formation?
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Which metabolic pathway do red blood cells primarily rely on during high-intensity exercise?
Which metabolic pathway do red blood cells primarily rely on during high-intensity exercise?
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Myocardial ischemia affects both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle equally.
Myocardial ischemia affects both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle equally.
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What is the Cori Cycle?
What is the Cori Cycle?
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The complete oxidation of propionate yields _____ ATP.
The complete oxidation of propionate yields _____ ATP.
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Match the amino acid catabolism processes with their corresponding outcomes:
Match the amino acid catabolism processes with their corresponding outcomes:
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Which enzyme is lacking in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Which enzyme is lacking in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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Hypoxia acclimatization involves adaptation of the body to increase endurance.
Hypoxia acclimatization involves adaptation of the body to increase endurance.
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What percentage of energy is lost as heat during anaerobic phosphorylation?
What percentage of energy is lost as heat during anaerobic phosphorylation?
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Study Notes
Nutritional Physiology Study Notes
- Nutritional Physiology: Balances nutritional input with physiological output via metabolic pathways, fluxes (metabolic rate), or changes in energetic efficiency to generate ATP or heat. Imbalance can lead to differences in body composition. The body eliminates unused products as faeces or urine.
Nutritional Input
- Nutritional Input: Includes total daily intake, meal size, meal pattern, and nutrient composition.
Physiological Output
- Physiological Output: Includes physiological status, health status, and environment; as well as metabolic rate.
Microbial Fermentation
- Microbial Fermentation: Undigested parts of food can be fermented by the microbiome, generating energy for the body. However, amino acids must come from food, not be created by fermentation.
Enzymes
- Enzymes: Reduce activation energy needed for nutrient cleavage. Enzymes in the digestive system are not digested themselves due to enzyme activity restrictions, pro-enzymes (zymogens), and a protective wall coating of non-digestible mucus. Mucosal cells are replaced frequently.
Anabolism and Catabolism
- Anabolism: Synthesis of body constituents, such as body protein.
- Catabolism: Release of energy from food or body constituents, producing ATP and heat.
Postprandial Phase (PPM)
- Postprandial Phase (PPM): Input of nutrients exceeds needs. Involves digestion, absorption, and storage of nutrients in the liver, muscles, and fat. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) increases heat production (5-20%) and is dependent on protein > carbohydrates > fat.
Digestive System Overview
- Mouth: Digestion begins with chewing, saliva mixing with food. Saliva contains lubricting mucins, amylase (starch), lipase (fat), lysozyme (antibacterial), and IgA (immune protection).
- Esophagus: Transports food to the stomach.
- Stomach: Contains gastric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase for initial digestion and alcohol absorption. Contains an enormous muscle layer.
- Small Intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum): Pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase, etc.), completion of digestion, and absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, fats and water. Villi (projections) and microvilli increase surface area for absorption.
- Colon: Water absorption, bacterial fermentation, storage of waste.
Accessory Digestive Organs
- Teeth: Grind food into smaller particles.
- Tongue: Aids in swallowing.
- Salivary Glands: Release enzymes and lubricants.
- Pancreas: Releases digestive enzymes.
- Liver: Produces bile acids.
- Gallbladder: Stores bile acids.
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Description
Test your knowledge on fatty acid metabolism, including the roles of carnitine, beta oxidation, and ketogenesis. This quiz covers key concepts such as ATP production in fatty acid oxidation and the conversion of lactate to glucose. Challenge yourself with questions about energy contributions and metabolic pathways.
