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Questions and Answers
What are the primary components that form the extracellular matrix?
What are the primary components that form the extracellular matrix?
Which statement best describes fascia?
Which statement best describes fascia?
Where is fascia primarily located in the body?
Where is fascia primarily located in the body?
What role does fascia play in the body?
What role does fascia play in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT true about fascia?
Which of the following is NOT true about fascia?
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What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?
What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?
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Which plane separates the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Which plane separates the body into anterior and posterior parts?
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In which plane would you analyze movement from a top view?
In which plane would you analyze movement from a top view?
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Which of the following movements occurs primarily in the sagittal plane?
Which of the following movements occurs primarily in the sagittal plane?
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What is the role of the skin in systemic anatomy?
What is the role of the skin in systemic anatomy?
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What term describes a collection of similar cells working together?
What term describes a collection of similar cells working together?
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Which term accurately represents a group of organs with a common function?
Which term accurately represents a group of organs with a common function?
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Which type of rotation occurs in the horizontal plane?
Which type of rotation occurs in the horizontal plane?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for eye movement in the vertical direction and adduction?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for eye movement in the vertical direction and adduction?
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What is the primary function of the Trigeminal nerve?
What is the primary function of the Trigeminal nerve?
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Which cranial nerve is primarily involved in balance and equilibrium?
Which cranial nerve is primarily involved in balance and equilibrium?
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Which cranial nerve is associated with the motor functions of gagging and swallowing?
Which cranial nerve is associated with the motor functions of gagging and swallowing?
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What type of nerve root is primarily responsible for motor functions?
What type of nerve root is primarily responsible for motor functions?
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What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle changes its length while producing force?
What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle changes its length while producing force?
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Which muscle type is characterized by fibers running parallel to its length?
Which muscle type is characterized by fibers running parallel to its length?
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What term describes a muscle that maintains a constant tension without producing movement?
What term describes a muscle that maintains a constant tension without producing movement?
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Which type of muscle is defined by its ability to abduct the little finger?
Which type of muscle is defined by its ability to abduct the little finger?
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What is the fixed end of a muscle called?
What is the fixed end of a muscle called?
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Which type of contraction is characterized by muscle shortening while generating force?
Which type of contraction is characterized by muscle shortening while generating force?
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What kind of muscle contraction assists with posture and joint stability without movement?
What kind of muscle contraction assists with posture and joint stability without movement?
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In reverse action of muscle contraction, what is the movement direction of the origin towards?
In reverse action of muscle contraction, what is the movement direction of the origin towards?
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What is the role of fixators in muscle contraction?
What is the role of fixators in muscle contraction?
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Which contraction type is essential for functional movements and coordination?
Which contraction type is essential for functional movements and coordination?
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Which statement accurately describes Sever's Disease?
Which statement accurately describes Sever's Disease?
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What leads to shin splints?
What leads to shin splints?
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What is significant about the ability of muscle tissue to heal after injury?
What is significant about the ability of muscle tissue to heal after injury?
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Which layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for regulating vessel diameter?
Which layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for regulating vessel diameter?
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What do arterioles primarily do in the circulatory system?
What do arterioles primarily do in the circulatory system?
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What type of neurons are responsible for controlling skeletal muscles and parts of the autonomic system?
What type of neurons are responsible for controlling skeletal muscles and parts of the autonomic system?
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What distinguishes pulmonary circulation from systemic circulation?
What distinguishes pulmonary circulation from systemic circulation?
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Which structure is referred to as the 'conus medullaris'?
Which structure is referred to as the 'conus medullaris'?
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Which type of blood vessel is characterized by thin walls and the presence of valves?
Which type of blood vessel is characterized by thin walls and the presence of valves?
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What characterizes the extravascular space in the circulatory system?
What characterizes the extravascular space in the circulatory system?
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What is the primary role of pseudounipolar sensory neurons?
What is the primary role of pseudounipolar sensory neurons?
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What type of fluid surrounds the central nervous system (CNS)?
What type of fluid surrounds the central nervous system (CNS)?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the human body?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the human body?
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What type of connective tissue surrounds individual nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system?
What type of connective tissue surrounds individual nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system?
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Which function is primarily associated with the optic nerve?
Which function is primarily associated with the optic nerve?
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Study Notes
In Memoriam
- Yoni Brand ז"ל, year 3
- Daniel Ben Harosh ז"ל, year 2
Introduction to Anatomy
- Dr. Noa Ben Ami, Head of MSc program, Head of the Lab for Musculoskeletal Pain and Wellness in Medicine
- URL: https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/back-pain-lab/
- International Society for the Prevention of Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment
- International Forum for Back and Neck Pain
Anatomy
- Description of structures
- Macroscopic structures of the human body
- Ancient science, thousands of years old
- Developed requiring only a body, knife, and observant eye
- Anatomy = temnein = 'to cut'
History of Anatomy
- Ancient Egypt 1600 BCE - papyrus - knowledge of intestines
- Hippocrates 5th century BCE (460 BCE) - Greek physician - father of Western medicine
- Believed in natural causes of disease
- Hippocratic Oath
Hippocratic Oath
- To save lives
- Cause no harm to the patient
- Practice with integrity
- Maintain medical confidentiality
- Provide equitable treatment for all patients
- Modern versions used today based on the ancient version
History of Anatomy
- Ancient Egypt 1600 BCE
- Hippocrates 460 BCE
- Galen 131-201 CE - Greek physician - respected by the Church, dissected animal bodies.
- Dissecting human bodies prohibited until 1300 CE
- Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) - Renaissance period, first to receive permission to dissect bodies, founder of modern anatomy.
- "On the Fabric of the Human Body" by Andreas Vesalius
- Leonardo da Vinci (1500) - accurate drawings of body parts.
Modern Age
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - many anatomical dissections used for detailed anatomical sketches.
Anatomy for Students
- Textbooks recommended: Gray's Anatomy for Students, Atlas of Human Anatomy (Netter) Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy
- Ovid - Visible body
- Primal picture -Anatomy. TV
Types of Anatomy
- Systemic Anatomy
- Regional Anatomy
- Clinical Anatomy
- Surface Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
- Chest
- Abdomen
- Pelvic
- Back
- Cervical
- Head
- Upper Limb
- Lower Limb
- Trunk
Anatomicomedical Terminology
- Primarily English and Latin, but currently focused mainly on English usage.
- Structural terms - anatomy is a descriptive science.
Anatomical Position
- All anatomical descriptions relative to a single anatomical position
- Standing upright with palms facing forward, feet flat on the floor
- Standard for comparing and describing anatomical structures and movements.
Supine and Prone Positions
- Supine - lying flat on back
- Prone - lying flat on stomach
Terms of Relationship and Comparison
- Terms describing the location, direction, and relative positions of parts in respect of each other.
- Examples: right, left, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal.
Directional Terms
- Superior - Cranial (closer to the head)
- Inferior - caudal (closer to the feet)
- Anterior – ventral (closer to the front)
- Posterior – dorsal (closer to the back)
Combined Terms
- Inferomedial
- Superolateral
- Superficial
- Intermediate
- Deep
Laterality
- Bilateral - occurring on both sides.
- Unilateral - occurring on one side.
- Ipsilateral - on the same side of the body.
- Contralateral - on the opposite side of the body.
Transverse Section of the Leg
- Cross-sectional view just above the middle of the left leg.
Anatomical Planes
- Median plane - divides the body into right and left halves.
- Sagittal planes - parallel to the median plane.
- Frontal (coronal) planes - divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
- Transverse (horizontal) planes - divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
Terms of Movement
Movement
- Flexion - bending a joint or decreasing the angle between bones.
- Extension - straightening a joint or increasing the angle between bones.
- Dorsiflexion - bending the foot upward at the ankle.
- Plantar flexion - bending the foot downward at the ankle.
- Abduction - movement away from the midline of the body.
- Adduction -movement toward the midline of the body.
- Internal Rotation
- External Rotation
- Pronation - rotation of the forearm; turning the palm downward.
- Supination - rotation of the forearm; turning the palm upward.
- Elevation - raising a body part.
- Depression- lowering a body part.
- Adduction (retraction) - movement towards the midline.
- Abduction (protraction) - movement away from the midline.
- Upward rotation
- Downward rotation (return to anatomical position)
- Inversion
- Eversion
Systemic Anatomy
- List of systems: skin, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, genital, endocrine, and locomotor.
- Describes all major organs in the system, by their functions.
Composition of the Human Body
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
Skin
- Largest organ in the body
- Epidermis – waterproof barrier, creates skin tone
- Dermis – tough connective tissue, contains hair follicles and sweat glands
- Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue) – fat and connective tissue
- Protection
- Containment
- Heat regulation
- Sensation
- Synthesis and storage of Vitamin D
Connective Tissue
- Connects, supports, and separates tissues and organs
- Fibroblast
- Collagen fibers
- Elastic fibers
- Extracellular matrix
- Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and fasciae are all examples of connective tissues
Fascia
- Sheets of connective tissue covering and supporting body parts.
- Superficial fascia (subcutaneous layer)
- Deep fascia
- Subserous fascia
Deep Fascia in Limbs
- Surrounds the entire region of the limbs.
- Sends septa that attach to bone.
- Separates and groups muscles into functional groups.
Muscles of the Leg - Cross-Section
- Different muscles, and supporting structures in the leg.
Sensory Receptors
- Mechanoceptors - respond to mechanical pressure and stretching in the skin and fascia
- Nociceptors -pain receptors
- Proprioceptors – position, movement and balance sensors.
Proprioceptors
- Sense of body position and movement in space.
- Internal sense of position and movement.
- Important for coordination, balance, and posture.
Retinaculum
- Fibrous bands that hold tendons in place.
- Situated in the wrist and ankle
Bursae
- Small fluid-filled sacs that cushion and reduce friction at points where tendons and ligaments rub against bone.
- Subcutaneous bursae- under the skin
- Subfascial bursae- under the fascia
- Subtendinous bursae – under the tendon
- Synovial tendon sheaths – tubes that enclose tendons near joints.
Bursitis
- Inflammation and swelling of a bursa.
- Olecranon bursa
- Subacromial bursa
- Trochanteric bursa
The Skeletal System
- Bones form the framework of the body, supporting and protecting organs.
- Includes 206 different bones.
- List of bones and anatomical regions
Bone Structure and Development
- Compact bone (cortical) - 80%
- Spongy bone (trabecular) - 20%
- Bone Marrow
- Periosteum
- Bone modeling/remodeling
- Peak bone mass
Fracture types
- Greenstick
- Spiral
- Comminuted
- Transverse
- Compound
- Vertebral compression
- Clinical considerations
The Articular System (Arthrology)
- Joints and ligaments
- Joints are the connection points of two or more bones.
Classification of Joints
- Fibrous - lack movement
- Cartilaginous - limited movement
- Synovial - extensive movement
Types of Synovial Joints
- Plane (gliding) joint
- Hinge joint
- Ball-and-socket joint
- Saddle joint
- Condyloid joint
- Pivot joint
Cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage - most common type
- Elastic cartilage-found in ear, epiglottis
- Fibrocartilage - located in areas needing strength and shock absorption (intervertebral discs)
Synovial Joint structure
- Articular cartilage
- Congruency
- Synovial membrane
- Synovial fluid
- Capsule
- Ligaments
Properties of a Synovial joint
- Fibrous Capsule
- Synovial Membrane
- Articular Cartilage
- Joint Cavity
- Supporting Ligaments Intrinsic & Extrinsic
Types of Muscle Contractions
- Concentric
- Eccentric
- Isometric
Muscle Functions
- Prime mover (agonist)
- Fixator
- Synergist
- Antagonist
Muscle Types - Classification
- Flat/parallel
- Pennate
- Fusiform
- Convergent
- Quadrate/quadrilateral
- Circular
- Multi-headed/multi-bellied
Muscle Names
- Based on location, shape, function, orientation
Muscle Action - Contraction
- They pull, never push
- Origin - fixed end of muscle
- Insertion - movable end of muscle
Muscle Action - Reverse Action
- A muscle can move its origin towards its insertion (e.g., Gluteus Maximus moving the hip bone toward the femur during trunk flexion).
Muscle Action - Tonic Contraction
- Partial muscle contraction for posture, stability, and readiness for action.
Muscle Action - Isotonic Contraction
- Concentric - muscle shortens while contracting
- Eccentric - muscle lengthens while contracting
- Isometric - muscle contracts, but length doesn't change.
Eccentric Contraction
- Muscle lengthens while contracting.
- Important for control, deceleration, and stabilization.
Muscle action and Function
- Agonist
- Fixators
- Synergists
- Antagonists
Muscle Control
- Muscle spindles
- Golgi tendon organs
Tendon
- Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
- Achilles tendon, and other tendons
Tendon Structure
- Endotenon
- Epitenon
- Primary fascicle
- Secondary fascicle
- Collagen fibers
- Fibrils
Clinical Considerations (Tendons and Muscles)
- Osgood-Schlatter disease
- Sever's disease
- Shin splints
- Tennis elbow
- Rotator cuff tears
The Circulatory System
- Closed system for blood transportation.
- Heart
- Blood vessels -arteries, veins, capillaries
- Pulmonary and systemic circulation
Blood Vessels
- Three layers:
- Tunica intima (innermost layer, endothelium)
- Tunica media (middle layer, smooth muscle)
- Tunica adventitia (outer layer, connective tissue)
Blood Vessels - Types
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
- Arterioles
- Venules
- Capillary beds
Blood Capillaries
- Exchange site for oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.
Systemic Circulation
- Blood flows from the heart through the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients and removing waste.
Pulmonary Circulation
- Blood flows from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal.
Cardiovascular System Function
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste products from the body.
- Regulates body temperature and fluid balance.
Veins
- Carry blood back to the heart.
- Have valves to prevent backflow.
- Have a thinner and more elastic wall than arteries.
- More numerous than arteries
Venous Return
- Muscles of the lower body assist in blood flow upward back to the heart.
- Valve
- Respiratory
- Arteriovenous Pump
Clinical Considerations (Blood Vessels)
- Arteriosclerosis
- Varicose veins
Lymphatic System
- Parallel to the circulatory system
- Removes excess tissue fluid (lymph).
- Drains lymph from tissues back to the circulatory system.
- Plays an important role in the immune system.
Lymphatic System Functions
- Transport clean fluids back to the blood
- Drain excess fluids from tissues
- Remove "debris" from cells
- Transport fats from the digestive system
Lymphatic System Components
- Lymphatic plexuses
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymph
- Lymph nodes
- Lymphocytes
- Lymphoid organs
Lymphatic Trunks
- Right lymphatic duct
- Thoracic duct
- Cisterna chyli
Lymphatic System Function
- Absorbs and transports fats and nutrients from the digestive tract..
- Plays an important role in the immune system by removing pathogens and cell debris.
The Nervous System
- Central nervous system (CNS)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
The Nervous System - CNS
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nuclei
- Tracts
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The Spinal Cord
- Conus medullaris
- Filum terminale
- Cauda equina
- Lumbar cistern
- CSF
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Nerves
- Ganglia
- Endoneurium
- Perineurium
- Epineurium
- Cranial nerves
- Spinal nerves
Spinal nerves
- Posterior (primary) rami
- Anterior (primary) rami
- Plexus
Dermatomes and Myotomes
- Dermatomes - area of skin receiving sensory innervation from a specific spinal nerve.
- Myotomes - group of muscles receiving motor innervation from a specific spinal nerve.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic - fight or flight response
- Parasympathetic - rest and digest response
Visceral Sensation
- Pain
- Hunger/ fullness
- Nausea
- Discomfort
The Alimentary/Digestive System
- Process of breaking down food, then absorbing nutrients
- Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
The Respiratory System
- Provides oxygen for cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide.
- Includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
The Urinary System
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
Genital System (Reproductive System)
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Testes
- Vas deferens
- Accessory glands
The Endocrine System
- Collection of glands that regulate body activities through hormones.
- Pituitary
- Thyroid
- Adrenals
- Pancreas
- Ovaries
- Testes
- Pineal
The Locomotor System
- Integrating skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and functions of fascia, as well as the extracellular matrix. This quiz covers key components, locations, and roles of fascia within the body. Understand the importance of these elements in human anatomy.
